Petroleum refining : technology, economics, and markets.: technology, economics, and markets. (2019)

• Record Type: Book
• Authors: Kaiser, Mark J; Klerk, Arno de; Gary, James H, 1921-; Handwerk, Glenn E
• Contents: Part 1. Markets and Economics Section 1: Industry Structure and Characteristics 1. Performance 1.1 Refinery Supply Chains 1.1.1 Input-Output Model 1.1.2 Infrastructure 1.1.3 Location 1.1.4 Commercial Requirements 1.2 Performance 1.3 Refinery Economics 1.4 Refining Yields 1.5 Refining Margins 1.5.1 Gross Margin 1.5.2 Net Margin and Netback 1.5.3 Application 1.6 Margin Comparisons 1.6.1 Sweet vs. Sour Crude 1.6.2 Cracker vs. Coker Refinery 1.7 Factors That Impact Margins 1.8 Crack Spreads 1.9 Market Data References 2. Products 2.1 Overview 2.2 Petroleum Gases 2.2.1 Methane 2.2.2 Ethane 2.2.3 Propane 2.2.4 Butane 2.2.5 Natural Gas Liquids 2.3 Light Distillates 2.3.1 Naphthas 2.3.2 Gasolines 2.4 Middle Distillates 2.4.1 Jet Fuel 2.4.2 Kerosene 2.4.3 Automotive Diesel 2.4.4 Marine Diesel 2.4.5 Light Fuel Oil 2.5 Heavy Fuel Oils 2.6 Specialty Products 2.6.1 Base Oils and Lubricants 2.6.2 Engine Oils 2.6.3 Greases 2.6.4 Waxes 2.6.5 Bitumen 2.6.6 Petroleum Coke 2.6.7 Carbon Black References 3. Processes 3.1 Overview 3.2 Separation 3.2.1 Perfect Batch Distillation 3.2.2 Distillation Curves 3.2.3 Fractions 3.2.4 Atmospheric Distillation 3.2.5 Vacuum Distillation 3.3 Conversion 3.3.1 Thermal Cracking 3.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 3.3.3 Hydrocracking 3.3.4 Coking 3.4 Finishing 3.4.1 Hydrotreating 3.4.2 Catalytic Reforming 3.4.3 Alkylation 3.4.4 Isomerization References 4. Prices 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Price Formation 4.3 Global Oil and Product Markets 4.4 Price Characteristics 4.4.1 Prices are Volatile 4.4.2 Prices are Unpredictable 4.4.3 Business Cycle Impacts are Periodic 4.4.4 Price Shocks 4.4.5 Market Factors Dominate Price Signals 4.4.6 Private Factors are Secondary in Price Formation 4.5 Supply and Demand 4.5.1 Supply Curves 4.5.2 Demand Curves 4.5.3 Equilibrium 4.6 Market Factors 4.6.1 Demand 4.6.2 Supply 4.6.3 Production Cost 4.6.4 OPEC 4.6.5 Spare Production Capacity 4.6.6 Supply Disruptions 4.6.7 Technology Impacts 4.7 Private Factors 4.7.1 Quality 4.7.2 Yield 4.8 World Production circa 2017 4.9 Refined Product Prices References 5. Potpourri 5.1 Business Model 5.1.1 Required Spending 5.1.2 Discretionary Spending 5.1.3 Capital Investments 5.2 Company Classification 5.2.1 Firm Type 5.2.2 Ownership 5.2.3 Level of Integration 5.2.4 Business Objectives 5.3. U.S. and World Capacity Trends 5.3.1 Distillation 5.3.2 Coking 5.3.3 Catalytic Cracking 5.3.4 Hydrocracking 5.3.5 Hydrotreating 5.3.6 Reforming, Alkylation, Isomerization 5.3.7 Aromatics and Lubricants 5.3.8 Hydrogen 5.3.9 Sulfur 5.3.10 Asphalt 5.4. U.S. Capacity Correlations 5.5 Market Valuation 5.6 Capital Investment References Section 2: Cost Estimation and Complexity 6. Cost Estimation 6.1 Construction Cost Factors 6.1.1 ISBL 6.1.2 USGC Reference 6.1.3 Project Type 6.1.4 Unit Addition vs. Grassroots Refinery 6.1.5 Process Technology 6.1.6 Process Severity 6.1.7 Unit Requirements 6.1.8 Contract Type 6.1.9 Actual vs. Estimated Cost 6.1.10 Time 6.1.11 Location 6.2 Unit Cost 6.2.1 Source Data 6.2.2 Sample Size 6.2.3 Normalization 6.3 Cost Functions 6.3.1 Specification 6.3.2 Dependent Variable 6.3.3 Parameter Estimation 6.3.4 Data Processing 6.3.5 Data Exclusion 6.3.6 Cost Envelopes 6.4 USGC Grassroots Construction Cost 6.5 Operating Cost Factors 6.5.1 Common vs. Unique Factors 6.5.2 Utility Prices 6.5.3 Capacity, Complexity, Age 6.5.4 Time 6.5.5 Location 6.5.6 Exceptional Events 6.6 Operating Expenses 6.6.1 Data Sources 6.6.2 Consolidation Levels 6.7 U.S. Operating Cost Statistics, 2010-2014 References 7. Refinery Complexity 7.1 Ideal Refinery 7.2 Nelson Complexity Index 7.2.1 Motivation 7.2.2 Complexity Factor 7.2.3 Refinery Complexity 7.3 Complexity Factors 7.3.1 Definition 7.3.2 Measurement 7.3.3 Complexity Cross Factor 7.3.4 Uncertainty 7.3.5 Traditional Approach 7.4 Refinery Complexity 7.5 U.S. and World Statistics circa 2018 7.5.1 Regional Capacity 7.5.2 U.S. Refining Complexity 7.5.3 Largest World Refineries 7.5.4 Conversion Capacity 7.5.5 FCC-Equivalent Capacity 7.6 Complexity Equation 7.7 Cost Estimation 7.8 Complexity Factor at Reference Capacity 7.8.1 Specification 7.8.2 U.S. CFRC Statistics References 8. Classification 8.1 Refinery Categories 8.2 Very Simple Refinery 8.3 Simple Refinery 8.4 Complex Refinery 8.5 Krotz Springs, Louisiana 8.6 St. Paul Park, Minnesota 9. Complexity Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Complexity Functional 9.2.1 Reference Capacity Approach Extension 9.2.2 Factor Functional Average 9.2.3 Evaluation 9.2.4 Closed-Form Expressions 9.2.5 Comparison 9.2.6 U.S. Refinery Complexity 9.3 Complexity Moments 9.4 Spatial Complexity 9.5 Replacement Cost 9.6 Sales Price Models 9.6.1 Asset Transactions 9.6.2 Formulation 9.6.3 Constraints 9.7 Complexity Barrels 9.8 Inverse Problem 9.8.1 Three Refinery Example 9.8.2 Matrix Formulation References 10. Modern Refineries 10.1 Hydrocracker 10.2 Lubes 10.3 Integrated/Petrochemical Section 3: Crude Oil and Properties 11. Origin and Composition 11.1 Geologic Time 11.2 Generation, Migration and Accumulation 11.2.1 Source Rock 11.2.2 Generation 11.2.3 Migration 11.2.4 Accumulation 11.2.5 Sedimentary Basins 11.3 The Hydrocarbon Source 11.3.1 Origin 11.3.2 Kerogen Type 11.3.3 Oil Window 11.3.4 Transformation Sequence 11.4 Molecular Composition 11.4.1 Naming Organic Chemicals 11.4.2 Early Classifications 11.4.3 Hydrocarbons 11.4.4 Paraffin (Alkane) Series 11.4.5 Naphthene (Cycloparaffin) Series 11.4.6 Aromatic (Benzene) Series 11.5 Crude Oil Classification 11.5.1 Component Groups 11.5.2 Ternary Diagram 11.5.3 Tissot-Welte Classification 11.5.4 Crude Oil Classes 11.5.6 Marine vs. Nonmarine Organic Matter 11
• Edition: Sixth edition
• Publisher Details: Boca Raton : CRC Press
• Publication Date: 2019
• Extent: 1 online resource, illustrations
• Subjects: 665.538; Petroleum -- Refining
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781466563025
• Related ISBNs: 9781466563018; 9780429537684; 9780429188893
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.; Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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