Savanna Woody plants and large herbivores. (2019)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Peter Frank Scogings, Mahesh Sankaran.
• Editors: Scogings, Peter F; Sankaran, Mahesh
• Contents: List of Contributors xv Preface xix Part I Introduction 1 1 Distribution and Determinants of Savannas 3; Sally Archibald, William J. Bond, William Hoffmann, Caroline Lehmann, Carla Staver, and Nicola Stevens 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Evolutionary History of Savanna Vegetation and Fauna 4 1.3 Defining Savannas 7 1.3.1 Are Savannas Tropical Systems? 7 1.3.2 Distinguishing Savannas from Grasslands 7 1.3.3 Distinguishing Savannas from Forests 8 1.4 Global Determinants of Savannas 9 1.4.1 Mesic Transition: Points of Contention 10 1.4.1.1 The Role of Nutrients 10 1.4.1.2 Rainfall Seasonality 10 1.4.2 Mesic Transition: Toward Resolution 11 1.4.3 Mesic Transition: Unresolved Ideas 12 1.4.4 Arid Transition 12 1.4.5 Arid Transition: Toward Resolution 13 1.4.6 Determinants of Temperate Savannas 14 1.5 Functional Differences Between Savannas 14 1.5.1 Temperate vs Tropical Savannas 14 1.5.2 Functional Differences Within Tropical Savannas 15 1.6 Conclusions and the Future of Savanna Ecosystems 17 References 17 2 African and Asian Savannas: Comparisons of Vegetation Composition and Drivers of Vegetation Structure and Function 25; Jayashree Ratnam, Chintan Sheth, and Mahesh Sankaran 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Climate and Vegetation Formations 27 2.3 Fine‐Leaved and Broad‐Leaved Savannas: Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Geographic Distribution 30 2.4 Role of Bottom‐Up Drivers in Regulating Vegetation Structure: Climate and Soil Nutrients 33 2.5 Role of Top‐Down Forces: Fire and Herbivory 36 2.6 African and Asian Savannas in the Anthropocene 40 References 42 3 Savannas of Australia and New Guinea: Vegetation and the Functional Role of Extant and Extinct Fauna 51; Garry D. Cook, William J. Bond, Edmund C. February, and Richard J. Williams 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 The Biota of Australia’s and New Guinea’s Savannas 51 3.3 Climate, Landforms, and Fire 53 3.4 Human History and Impacts 54 3.5 Are Native Mammals Irrelevant? 55 3.6 Was Ecosystem Functioning Different Prior to Human Dispersal to Australia? 57 3.7 Critique of the “Nutrient Poverty/Intense Fire” Theory 58 3.8 Australia’s Lost Megafauna 61 3.9 Habitat Variation and the Pleistocene Megafauna 64 3.10 Impacts of Herbivores in Australian Savannas 64 3.11 Toward a New Hypothesis of Plant–Animal Interactions in Australian Savannas 66 References 67 4 South American Savannas 77; Fabian Borghetti, Eduardo Barbosa, Leandro Ribeiro, José Felipe Ribeiro, and Bruno Machado Teles Walter 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Origin of South American Savannas 77 4.3 Distribution and Diversity of South American Savannas 78 4.4 Northern Savannas 80 4.4.1 Colombo–Venezuelan Llanos 80 4.4.1.1 Orinoco Llanos 80 4.4.1.2 Llanos Orientales 84 4.4.2 Gran Sabana 85 4.4.3 Rio Branco–Rupununi Savannas 85 4.4.3.1 Rio Branco Savannas 86 4.4.3.2 Rupununi Savannas 86 4.4.4 Savannas of Amapá 87 4.5 Southern Savannas 87 4.5.1 Savannas of Humaitá 87 4.5.2 Savannas of Pará 87 4.5.3 Beni Savannas 88 4.5.4 Cerrado 89 4.5.4.1 Cerrado (Sensu Stricto) 91 4.5.4.2 Cerrado Park 92 4.5.4.3 Palm Groves 92 4.5.4.4 Vereda 92 4.5.4.5 Campo Limpo (“Open Grassland”) 92 4.5.4.6 Campo Sujo (“Dense Grassland”) 92 4.5.4.7 Campo Rupestre (“Rocky Field”) 96 4.5.5 Pantanal 96 4.5.6 Chaco 97 4.6 Effects of Water Deficit, Herbivory, and Fire on Vegetation Dynamics 102 4.6.1 Water Deficit 102 4.6.2 Herbivory 103 4.6.3 Fire 104 4.7 Climate Change, Anthropogenic Pressure, and the Future 106 4.8 Concluding Remarks 109 4.9 Acknowledgments 109 References 110 5 Savannas of North America 123; Norma L. Fowler and Brian Beckage 5.1 Introduction 123 5.1.1 Definitions 123 5.1.2 Climatic Patterns 126 5.2 Fire 127 5.3 Grazing 128 5.4 Biodiversity 129 5.5 Conservation 129 5.6 Oak Savannas 130 5.6.1 Central US, South‐Central Canada, Northern Sierra Madre (Mexico) Oak Savannas 130 5.6.2 California Oak Savannas 132 5.6.3 South‐West (Arizona, New Mexico, Northern Mexico) Oak Savannas 132 5.6.4 Pacific Northwest Oak Savannas 132 5.6.5 East‐Central US: Glades, Barrens, and Other Forest Openings 132 5.6.6 Oak‐Dominated Shrub Savannas 133 5.7 Pine Savannas 133 5.7.1 South‐Eastern US Pine Savannas 133 5.7.2 Rocky Mountains Pine Savannas 134 5.8 Juniper Savannas 135 5.8.1 Juniper Savannas in the Western Mountains 135 5.8.2 Eastern Red Cedar Savannas 138 5.8.3 South‐Central US and Northern Sierra Madre Oriental Juniper Savannas 138 5.9 Mesquite Savannas 138 5.10 Northern and High‐Elevation Savannas 140 5.11 Shrub Savannas 140 5.12 Conclusions 141 5.13 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 6 Socioeconomic Value of Savannas 151; Wayne Twine 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Land Tenure and Land Use 153 6.3 Livestock Farming 155 6.3.1 Overview 155 6.3.2 Commercial Livestock Farming 157 6.3.3 Subsistence Livestock Farming 157 6.4 Wildlife Industry 159 6.4.1 Overview 159 6.4.2 Ecotourism 161 6.4.3 Hunting 162 6.4.4 Animal Products 163 6.4.5 Game Breeding and Live Sales 164 6.5 Commercial Timber 164 6.6 Non‐timber Products 164 6.6.1 Uses 164 6.6.2 Economic Value 166 6.6.2.1 Non‐monetary Income 166 6.6.2.2 Cash Income 167 6.6.2.3 Environmental Income 168 6.7 Conclusion 169 References 170 Part II Herbivores 181 7 Ecology of Smaller Animals Associated with Savanna Woody Plants: The Value of the Finer Details 183; Colleen Seymour and Grant Joseph 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Woody Plant Seed Herbivory 184 7.2.1 Seed Herbivores 184 7.3 Woody Plant Seed and Fruit Dispersal 187 7.3.1 Diplochory 187 7.3.1.1 Seed Dispersal by Birds 188 7.3.1.2 Invertebrate Seed Dispersal 189 7.3.2 Fruit Dispersal 189 7.4 Woody Plant Seedling Establishment 190 7.5 Leaves and Herbivory 191 7.6 Pollination and Nectarivory 193 7.7 Nutrient Cycling 195 7.8 Conclusions 199 References 201 8 Evolution of Large Mammal Herbivores in Savannas 213; Daryl Codron 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Herbivore Dietary Niches 215 8.3 Diversification of Browsers and Grazers 220 8.4 Effects of Vegetation Change 223 8.5 Herbivore Body Size 226 8.6 Pleistocene Extinctions and Contemporary Herbivore Diversity 228 8.7 Summary 233 References 234 9 Browser Population–Woody Vegetation Relationships in Savannas: From Bites to Landscapes 245; Melissa H. Schmitt and Adrian M. Shrader 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Factors Influencing Diet Selection 246 9.2.1 Browser Traits that Influence Foraging 247 9.2.1.1 Body Size 247 9.2.1.2 Gut Morphology 248 &
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2019
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 581.748; Savanna plants; Woody plants; Savanna ecology; Savanna animals; Herbivores
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119081135; 9781119081128
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.