Biostatistics decoded. (2019)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: A. Gouveia Oliveira.
• Authors: Oliveira, A. Gouveia de
• Contents: 1. Populations and samples 1 1.1 The object of biostatistics 1 1.2 Scales of measurement 3 1.3 Central tendency measures 6 1.4 Sampling 9 1.5 Inferences from samples 12 1.6 Measures of location and dispersion 15 1.7 The standard deviation 17 1.8 The n – 1 divisor 18 1.9 Degrees of freedom 21 1.10 Variance of binary variables 21 1.11 Properties of means and variances 21 1.12 Descriptive statistics 24 1.13 Sampling variation 28 1.14 The normal distribution 30 1.15 The central limit theorem 32 1.16 Properties of the normal distribution 32 1.17 Probability distribution of sample means 35 1.18 The standard error of the mean 36 1.19 The value of the standard error 40 1.20 Distribution of sample proportions 41 1.21 Convergence of binomial to normal distribution 44 2. Descriptive studies 47 2.1 Designing a research 47 2.2 Study design 48 2.3 Classification of descriptive studies 50 2.4 Cross-sectional studies 52 2.5 Inferences from means 53 2.6 Confidence intervals 55 2.7 Statistical tables 56 2.8 The case of small samples 58 2.9 Student’s t distribution 61 2.10 Statistical tables of the t distribution 64 2.11 Inferences from proportions 66 2.12 Statistical tables of the binomial distribution 68 2.13 Sample size requirements 69 2.14 Longitudinal studies 72 2.15 Incidence studies 74 2.16 Cohort studies 75 2.17 Inference from incidence studies 79 2.18 Standardization 82 2.19 Time-to-event cohort studies 85 2.20 The actuarial method 87 2.21 The Kaplan–Meier method 90 2.22 Probability sampling 94 2.23 Simple random sampling 95 2.24 Replacement in sampling 96 2.25 Stratified sampling 99 2.26 Multistage sampling 104 3. Analytical studies 111 3.1 Objectives of analytical studies 111 3.2 Measures of association 112 3.3 Odds, logits and odds-ratios 113 3.4 Attributable risk 115 3.5 Classification of analytical studies 117 3.6 Uncontrolled analytical studies 118 3.7 Comparative analytical studies 120 3.8 Hybrid analytical studies 124 3.9 Non-probability sampling in analytical studies 126 3.10 Comparison of two means 127 3.11 Comparison of two means from small samples 130 3.12 Comparison of two proportions 133 4. Statistical tests 137 4.1 The null and alternative hypotheses 137 4.2 The z-test 138 4.3 The p-value 141 4.4 Student’s t-test 143 4.5 The binomial test 146 4.6 The chi-square test 148 4.7 The table of the chi-square distribution 152 4.8 Analysis of variance 154 4.9 Partitioning the sum of squares 157 4.10 Statistical tables of the F distribution 162 4.11 The ANOVA table 163 5. Aspects of statistical tests 165 5.1 One-sided tests 165 5.2 Power of a statistical test 169 5.3 Sample size estimation 171 5.4 Multiple comparisons 175 5.5 Scale transformation 177 5.6 Non-parametric tests 178 6. Cross-sectional studies 183 6.1 Linear regression 183 6.2 The least squares method 185 6.3 Linear regression estimates 189 6.4 Regression and correlation 194 6.5 The F-test in linear regression 197 6.6 Interpretation of regression analysis results 200 6.7 Multiple regression 201 6.8 Regression diagnostics 205 6.9 Selection of predictor variables 209 6.10 Independent nominal variables 211 6.11 Interaction 213 6.12 Nonlinear regression 217 7. Case-control studies 219 7.1 Analysis of case-control studies 219 7.2 Logistic regression 220 7.3 The method of maximum likelihood 223 7.5 Estimation of the logistic regression model 225 7.5 The likelihood ratio test 228 7.6 Interpreting the results of logistic regression 229 7.7 Regression coefficients and odds ratios 230 7.8 Applications of logistic regression 231 7.9 The ROC curve 233 7.10 Model validation 236 8. Cohort studies 241 8.1 Repeated measurements 241 8.2 The paired t-test 241 8.3 McNemar’s test 244 8.4 Generalized linear models 245 8.5 The logrank test 248 8.6 The adjusted logrank test 251 8.7 The incidence rate ratio 253 8.8 The Cox proportional hazards model 254 8.9 Assumptions of the Cox model 259 8.10 Interpretation of Cox regression 261 9. Measurement 265 9.1 Construction of clinical questionnaires 265 9.2 Factor analysis 266 9.3 Interpretation of factor analysis 270 9.4 Factor rotation 272 9.5 Factor scores 275 9.6 Reliability 276 9.7 Concordance 282 9.8 Validity 289 9.9 Validation of diagnostic tests 290 10. Experimental studies 293 10.1 Main design features and classification 293 10.2 Experimental controls 296 10.3 Replicates 297 10.4 Classification of experimental designs 299 10.5 Completely Randomized Design 300 10.6 Interaction 306 10.7 Full factorial design 307 10.8 The random effects model 312 10.9 Components of variance 315 10.10 ANOVA model II and model III 317 10.11 Rules for the definition of the error terms 323 10.12 ANOVA with ranks 324 11. Blocking 327 11.1 Randomized Block Design 327 11.2 Generalized Randomized Block design 331 11.3 Incomplete Block Design 333 11.4 Factorial Design with Randomized Blocks 335 11.5 Latin and Greco-Latin Square Design 337 12. Simultaneous inference 341 12.1 Multiple comparisons 341 12.2 Generalist methods 342 12.3 Multiple comparisons of group means 348 12.4 Pairwise comparison of means 349 12.5 Different variances 358 12.6 Comparison to a control 359 12.7 Comparison of post hoc tests 362 12.8 Complex comparisons 362 12.9 Tests of multiple contrasts 367 12.10 A posteriori contrasts 372 12.11 The size of an experiment 375 13. Factorial ANOVA 379 13.1 The n-way ANOVA 379 13.2 The 2k factorial design 381 13.3 The 2k factorial design with blocking 386 13.4 The fractional factorial design 388 14. Nested designs 391 14.1 Split-plot design 391 14.2 Nested (hierarchical) design 396 14.3 Mixed model nested ANOVA 398 14.4 Mixed model nested ANOVA with three sublevels 402 14.5 Pure model II nested ANOVA 406 15. Repeated measures 409 15.1 Repeated measures ANOVA 409 15.2 Repeated measures ANOVA with two factors 414 15.3 ANOVA with several repeated measures 416 15.4 Multivariate tests 418 16. Clinical trials 419 16.1 Classification of clinical trials 419 16.2 The clinical trial population 421 16.3 The efficacy criteria 422 16.4 Controlled clinical trials 424 16.5 The control group 426 16.6 Blinding 427 16.7 Randomization 428 16.8 Non-comparative clinical trials 433 16.9 Regression toward the mean 436 16.10 Non-randomized
• Edition: Second edition
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2019
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 610.727; Biometry
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119584285
• Related ISBNs: 9781119584315
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.; Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.