Introduction to materials for advanced energy systems. (2019)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Colin Tong.
• Authors: Tong, Xingcun Colin
• Contents: Preface 1 Materials based solutions to advanced energy systems Abstract 1.1 Advanced energy technology and contemporary issues 1.1.1 Challenges and concerns 1.1.2 The role of the advanced materials 1.1.3 Solutions for future energy systems 1.2 Fundamentals of energy systems 1.2.1 Energy and service 1.2.2 Energy process characterization 1.2.2.1 The laws of thermodynamics 1.2.2.2 Macroscopic and microscopic energy systems 1.2.2.3 Entropy and enthalpy 1.2.2.4 Chemical kinetics 1.2.2.5 Energy availability 1.2.3 Energy calculations and accounting 1.2.3.1 Energy efficiency 1.2.3.2 Heating values 1.2.4 General energy devices 1.2.4.1 Conversion devices 1.2.4.2 Energy storage 1.2.4.3 Systems engineering 1.2.4.4 Electricity 1.2.5 Sustainable energy 1.3 Materials development for advanced energy systems 1.3.1 Functional surface technologies 1.3.2 Materials integration in sustainable energy systems 1.3.3 Higher-performance materials 1.3.4 Sustainable manufacturing of materials 1.3.5 Materials and process development acceleration tools 1.4 Summary Reference Exercises 2 Fundamentals of materials used in energy systems Abstract 2.1 Structures of solids 2.1.1 Atomic structures 2.1.2 Crystal structures 2.1.2.1 Structures for elements 2.1.2.2 Structures for compounds 2.1.2.3 Solid solutions 2.1.3 Crystal diffraction 2.1.3.1 Phase difference and Bragg's law 2.1.3.2 Scattering 2.1.3.3 Reciprocal space 2.1.3.4 Wave vector representation 2.1.4 Defects in solids 2.1.4.1 Point defects 2.1.4.2 Line defects 2.1.4.2.1 Edge dislocations 2.1.4.2.2 Screw dislocations 2.1.4.2.3 Burger's vector and burger circuit 2.1.4.2.4 Dislocation motion 2.1.4.3 Planar defects 2.1.4.3.1 Grain boundaries 2.1.4.3.2 Twin boundaries 2.1.4.4 Three-dimensional defects 2.1.5 Diffusion in solids 2.1.5.1 Atomic theory 2.1.5.2 Random walk 2.1.5.3 Other mass transport mechanisms 2.1.5.3.1 Permeability versus diffusion 2.1.5.3.2 Convection versus diffusion 2.1.5.4 Mathematics of diffusion 2.1.5.4.1 Steady state diffusion 2.1.5.4.2 Non-steady state diffusion 2.1.6 Electronic structure of solids 2.1.6.1 Waves and electrons 2.1.6.1.2 Representation of waves 2.1.6.1.2 Matter waves 2.1.6.1.3 Superposition 2.1.6.1.4 Electron waves 2.1.6.2 Quantum mechanics 2.1.6.3 Electron energy band representations 2.1.6.4 Real energy band structures 2.1.6.5 Other aspects of electron energy band structure 2.2 Phase equilibria 2.2.1 The Gibbs phase rule 2.2.1.1 The phase rule on equilibrium among phases< 2.2.1.2 Applications of the phase rule 2.2.1.3 Construction of phase diagrams 2.2.1.4 The tie line principle 2.2.1.5 The lever rule 2.2.2 Nucleation and growth of phases 2.2.2.1 Thermodynamics of phase transformations 2.2.2.2 Nucleation 2.3 Mechanical properties 2.3.1 Elasticity relationships 2.3.1.1 Ture versus engineering strain 2.3.1.2 Nature of elasticity and Young's Modulus 2.3.1.3 Hook's law 2.3.1.4 Poisson's ratio 2.3.1.5 Normal forces 2.3.2 Plasticity observations 2.3.3 Role of dislocation in deformation of crystalline materials 2.3.4 Deformation of noncrystalline materials 2.3.4.1 Thermal behavior of amorphous solids 2.3.4.2 Time-dependent deformation of amorphous materials 2.3.4.3 Models for network 2.3.4.4 Elastomers 2.4 Electronic properties of materials 2.4.1 Occupation of electronic states 2.4.1.1 Density of states function 2.4.1.2 The Fermi-Dirac distribution function 2.4.1.3 Occupancy of electronic states 2.4.2 Position of the Fermi energy 2.4.3 Electronic properties of metals 2.4.3.1 Free electron theory for electrical conduction 2.4.3.2 Quantum theory of electronic conduction 2.4.3.3 Superconductivity 2.4.4 Semiconductors 2.4.4.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 2.4.4.2 Extrinsic semiconductors 2.4.4.3 Semiconductor measurements 2.4.5 Electrical behavior of organic materials 2.4.6 Junctions and devices and the nanoscale 2.4.6.1 Junctions 2.4.6.1.1 Metal–metal junctions 2.4.6.1.2 Metal–semiconductor junctions 2.4.6.1.3 Semiconductor–semiconductor PN junctions 2.4.6.2 Selected devices 2.4.6.2.1 Passive devices 2.4.6.2.2 Active devices 2.4.6.3 Nanostructures and nanodevices 2.4.6.3.1 Heterojunction nanostructures 2.4.6.3.2 2-D and 3-D nanostructures 2.5 Computational modeling of materials 2.5.1 The challenge of complexity 2.5.2 Materials design with predictive capability 2.5.3 Materials modeling approaches 2.6 Advanced experimental techniques for materials characterization 2.6.1 Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy 2.6.2 Nanoindentation 2.6.3 Light microscopy 2.6.4 Electron microscopy 2.6.5 Atom probe tomography 2.6.6 Advanced X-ray characterization 2.6.7 Neutron scattering 2.7 Integrated materials process control 2.7.1 Process control and its constituents 2.7.1.1 Sensing techniques 2.7.1.2 Input parameters for combustion control 2.7.2 Diagnostic techniques 2.3.2.1 Optical diagnostics 2.3.2.2 Solid-state sensors 2.8 Summary Reference Exercises 3 Advanced materials enable energy production from fossil fuels Abstract 3.1 Materials technology status and challenges in fossil energy systems 3.1.1 Boilers 3.1.2 Steam turbines 3.1.3 Gas turbines 3.1.4 Gasifiers 3.1.5 CO2 capture and storage 3.1.6 Perspectives 3.2 Materials for ultra-supercritical applications 3.2.1 High temperature alloys 3.2.2 Advanced refractory materials for slagging gasifiers 3.2.3 Breakthrough materials 3.3 Coatings and protection materials for steam system 3.3.1 High temperature and high pressure coatings 3.3.2 Oxygen ion selective ceramic membranes for carbon capture 3.4 Materials for deep oil and gas well drilling and construction 3.4.1 High stress and corrosion resistant propping agents 3.4.2 Erosion- and corrosion-resistant coatings 3.4.3 Wear resistant coatings 3.4.4 High strength and corrosion resistant alloys for use in well casings and deep well drill pipe 3.5 Materials for sensing in harsh environments References Exercises 4 Materials-based solutions to solar energy system Abstract 4.1 Solar energy technologies 4.1.1 Photovoltaic technologies 4.1.1.1 Residential photovoltaic 4.1.1.2 Utility-scale flat-plate thin film photovoltaic 4.1.1.3 Utility-scale photovoltaic concentrators 4.1.2 Solar thermal technologies 4.1.2.1 Unglazed collectors 4.1.2.2 Glazed collectors 4.1.2.3 Parabolic trough 4.1.2.4 Vacuum tube collectors 4.1.2.5 Linear Fresnel lens reflectors 4.1.2.6 Solar Stirling engine 4.2 Photovoltaic materials and devices 4.2.1 Crystalline silicon PV cells 4.2.1.1 Mono-crystal silicon PVs 4.2.1.2 Polycrystalline silicon PVs 4.2.1.3 Emitter wrap-through cells 4.2.2 Thin-film PV cells 4.2.2.1 Amorphous Silicon Cells 4.2.2.1.1 Amorphous-Si, double or triple junctions 4.2.2.1.2 Tandem amorphous-Si and multi-crystalline-Si 4.2.2.2 Ultra-thin silicon wafers 4.2.2.3 Cadmium telluride and cadmium sulphide 4.2.2.4 Copper indium selenide and copper indium gallium selenide 4.2.3 Compound semiconductor PV cells 4.2.3.1 Space PV cells 4.2.3.2 Light absorbing dyes 4.2.3.3 Organic and polymer PV 4.2.3.4 Flexible plastic organic transparent cells 4.2.4 Nanotechnology for PV cell fabrication 4.2.4.1 Silicon nanowires 4.2.4.2 Carbon nanotubes 4.2.4.3 Graphene-based solar cells 4.2.4.4 Quantum dots 4.2.4.5 Hot carrier solar cell 4.2.4.6 Nanoscale surfaces reduce reflection and increase capture of the full spectrum of sunlight 4.2.5 Hybrid solar cells 4.2.5.1 Hybrid organic-metal PVs 4.2.5.2 Hybrid organic-organic PVs 4.2.6 Inexpensive plastic solar cells or panels that are mounted on curved surfaces 4.3 Advanced materials for solar thermal collectors 4.3.1 Desirable features of solar thermal collector materials 4.3.1.1 Transparent cover 4.3.1.2 Insulation 4.3.1.3 Evacuated-tube collectors 4.3.2 Polymer materials in solar thermal collectors 4.3.3 Corrosion resistant materials in contact with molten salts 4.4 Reflecting materials for solar cookers 4.5 Optical materials for absorbers 4.5.1 Metals 4.5.2 Selective coatings 4.5.2.1 Intrinsic absorption coatings 4.5.2.2 Semiconductor-metal tandems 4.5.2.3 Multilayer absorbers 4.5.2.4 Metal-dielectric composite coatings 4.5.2.5 Surface texturing 4.5.2.6 Selectively solar-transmitting coating on a blackbody-like absorber 4.5.3 Heat pipes 4.5.4 Metamaterial solar absorbers 4.5.4.1 Metal-dielectric nanocomposites with tailored plasmonic response 4.5.4.2 Light weight broadband nanocomposite perfect absorbers 4.3.4.3 Prospects and future trends 4.6 Thermal energy storage materials 4.6.1 Sensible thermal energy storage 4.6.2 Underground thermal energy storage 4.6.3 Phase change materials 4.6.4 Thermal energy storage via chemical reactions Reference Exercises 5 Advanced materials enable renewable geothermal energy capture and generation Abstract 5.1 Geothermal technologies 5.1.1 Geothermal resources for geothermal energy development 5.1.2 Geothermal electricity 5.1.3 Enhanced geothermal systems and other advanced geothermal technologies 5.1.4 Direct use of geothermal energy 5.2 Hard materials for downhole rock drilling 5.3 Advanced cements for geothermal wells 5.4 Geothermal heat pumps 5.4.1 Pumping materials 5.4.2 Pumping technology 5.4.3 Heat pump applications 5.5 Materials for transmission pipelines and distribution netorks 5.6 Materials for heat exchange systems 5.6.1 Heat exchange fluids 5.6.2 Heat exchanger coatings 5.6.3 Polymer heat exchangers 5.6.4 Heat convector materials 5.6.5 Refrigeration materials for cooling systems 5.7 Corrosion protection and material selection for geothermal systems Reference Exercises 6 Advanced materials enable renewable wind energy capture and generation Abstract 6.1 Wind resources 6.1.1 Wind quality 6.1.2 Variation of wind speed with elevation 6.1.3 Air density 6.1.4 Wind forecasting 6.1.5 Offshore wind 6.1.6 Maximum wind turbine efficiency: The Betz ratio 6.2 Materials requirements of wind machinery and generating systems 6.2.1 Driven components 6.2.1.1 Shafts 6.2.1.2 Bearings 6.2.1.3 Couplings 6.2.1.4 Gear boxes 6.2.1.5 Generators 6.2.2 Tower 6.2.2.1 Tower structure 6.2.2.2 Tower flange 6.2.2.3 Power electronics 6.2.3 Rotor ......
• Publisher Details: Cham, Switzerland : Springer
• Publication Date: 2019
• Extent: 1 online resource (xxviii, 911 pages), illustrations (some color)
• Subjects: 621.31/2; Electric power systems -- Materials; Electronic books
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9783319980027; 3319980025
• Related ISBNs: 9783319980010
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.; Note: Online resource; title from PDF title page (SpringerLink, viewed January 2, 2019).
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.