Rational design of solar cells for efficient solar energy conversion. (2018)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Alagarsamy Pandikumar, Ramasamy Ramaraj.
• Editors: Pandikumar, Alagarsamy; Ramaraj, Ramasamy
• Contents: Biographies xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Metal Nanoparticle Decorated ZnO Nanostructure Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 1 ; Gregory Thien Soon How, Kandasamy Jothivenkatachalam, Alagarsamy Pandikumar, and Nay Ming Huang 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Metal Dressed ZnO Nanostructures as Photoanodes 3 1.2.1 Metal Dressed ZnO Nanoparticles as Photoanodes 4 1.2.2 Metal Dressed ZnO Nanorods as Photoanodes 6 1.2.3 Metal Dressed ZnO Nanoflowers as Photoanodes 8 1.2.4 Metal Dressed ZnO Nanowires as Photoanodes 8 1.2.5 Less Common Metal Dressed ZnO Nanostructures as Photoanodes 10 1.2.6 Comparison of the Performance of Metal Dressed ZnO Nanostructures in DSSCs 10 1.3 Conclusions and Outlook 11 References 13 2 Cosensitization Strategies for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 15 ; Gachumale Saritha, Sambandam Anandan, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Cosensitization 18 2.2.1 Cosensitization of Metal Complexes with Organic Dyes 19 2.2.1.1 Phthalocyanine‐based Metal Complexes 19 2.2.1.2 Porphyrin‐based Metal Complexes 21 2.2.1.3 Ruthenium‐based Metal Complexes 27 2.2.2 Cosensitization of Organic–Organic Dyes 41 2.3 Conclusions 51 Acknowledgements 51 References 52 3 Natural Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells – Strategies and Measures 61 ; N. Prabavathy, R. Balasundaraprabhu, and Dhayalan Velauthapillai 3.1 Introduction 61 3.1.1 Mechanism of the Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Compared with the Z‐scheme of Photosynthesis 62 3.2 Components of Dye‐sensitized Solar Cell 63 3.2.1 Photoelectrode 63 3.2.2 Dye 64 3.2.3 Liquid Electrolyte 64 3.2.4 Counterelectrode 65 3.3 Fabrication of Natural DSSCs 65 3.3.1 Preparation of TiO2 Nanorods by the Hydrothermal Method 65 3.3.2 Characterization of the Photoelectrode for DSSCs 66 3.3.3 Preparation of Natural Dye 67 3.3.4 Sensitization 68 3.3.5 Arrangement of the DSSC 68 3.4 Efficiency and Stability Enhancement in Natural Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 68 3.4.1 Effect of Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Molecules on the Photostability of Natural Dyes 69 3.4.1.1 Important Points to be Considered for the Preparation of Photoelectrodes 70 3.4.2 Citric Acid – Best Solvent for Extracting Anthocyanins 70 3.4.3. Algal Buffer Layer to Improve Stability of Anthocyanins in DSSCs 72 3.4.3.1 Preparation of Buffer Layers – Sodium Alginate and Spirulina 73 3.4.4 Sodium‐doped Nanorods for Enhancing the Natural DSSC Performance 75 3.4.4.1 Preparing Sodium‐doped Nanorods as the Photoelectrode 75 3.4.5 Absorber Material for Liquid Electrolytes to Avoid Leakage 77 3.5 Other Strategies and Measures taken in DSSCs Using Natural Dyes 79 3.6 Conclusions 82 References 82 4 Advantages of Polymer Electrolytes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 85 ; L.P. Teo and A.K. Arof 4.1 Why Solar Cells? 85 4.2 Structure and Working Principle of DSSCs with Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 86 4.3 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 87 4.3.1 Chitosan (Ch) and Blends 88 4.3.2 Phthaloylchitosan (PhCh) and Blends 91 4.3.3 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) 98 4.3.4 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 105 4.3.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVdF) 109 4.4 Summary and Outlook 110 Acknowledgements 111 References 111 5 Advantages of Polymer Electrolytes Towards Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells 121 ; Nagaraj Pavithra, Giovanni Landi, Andrea Sorrentino, and Sambandam Anandan 5.1 Introduction 121 5.1.1 Energy Demand 121 5.1.1.1 Generation of Solar Cells 122 5.1.2 Types of Electrolyte Used in Third Generation Solar Cells 124 5.1.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes (LEs) 124 5.1.2.2 Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) 125 5.1.2.3 Solid State Hole Transport Materials (SS‐HTMs) 126 5.2 Polymer Electrolytes 127 5.2.1 Mechanism of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes 128 5.2.2 Types of Polymer Electrolyte 129 5.2.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 129 5.2.2.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 129 5.2.2.3 Composite Polymer Electrolyte 130 5.3 Dye‐ sensitized Solar Cells 130 5.3.1 Components and Operational Principle 131 5.3.1.1 Substrate 133 5.3.1.2 Photoelectrode 134 5.3.1.3 Photosensitizer 135 5.3.1.4 Redox Electrolyte 137 5.3.1.5 Counter Electrode 140 5.3.2 Application of Polymer Electrolytes in DSSCs 140 5.3.2.1 Solid‐state Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (SS‐DSSCs) 140 5.3.2.2 Quasi‐solid‐state Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (QS‐DSSC) 142 5.3.2.3 Types of Additives in GPEs 144 5.3.3 Bifacial DSSCs 148 5.4 Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSC) 150 5.5 Perovskite‐ Sensitized Solar Cells (PSSC) 152 5.6 Conclusion 153 Acknowledgements 154 References 154 6 Rational Screening Strategies for Counter Electrode Nanocomposite Materials for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion 169 ; Prabhakarn Arunachalam 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 Principles of Next Generation Solar Cells 171 6.2.1 Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells 171 6.2.2 Principles of Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells 173 6.2.3 Principles of Perovskite Solar Cells 174 6.3 Platinum‐ free Counterelectrode Materials 175 6.3.1 Carbon‐based Materials for Solar Energy Conversion 175 6.3.2 Metal Nitride and Carbide Materials 178 6.3.3 Metal Sulfide Materials 179 6.3.4 Composite Materials 182 6.3.5 Metal Oxide Materials 183 6.3.6 Polymer Counterelectrodes 184 6.4 Summary and Outlook 185 References 186 7 Design and Fabrication of Carbon‐based Nanostructured Counter Electrode Materials for Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells 193 ; Jayaraman Theerthagiri, Raja Arumugam Senthil, and Jagannathan Madhavan 7.1 Photovoltaic Solar Cells – An Overview 193 7.1.1 First Generation Solar Cells 194 7.1.2 Second Generation Solar Cells 194 7.1.3 Third Generation Solar Cells 194 7.1.4 Fourth Generation Solar Cells 195 7.2 Dye‐ sensitized Solar Cells 195 7.2.1 Major Components of DSSCs 196 7.2.1.1 Transparent Conducting Glass Substrate 197 7.2.1.2 Photoelectrode 197 7.2.1.3 Dye Sensitizer 198 7.2.1.4 Redox Electrolytes 199 7.2.1.5 Counterelectrode 200 7.2.2 Working Mechanism of DSSCs 200 7.3 Carbon‐ based Nanostructured CE Materials for DSSCs 201 7.4 Conclusions 216 References 217 8 Highly Stable Inverted Organic Solar Cells Based on Novel Interfacial Layers 221 ; Fang Jeng Lim and Ananthanarayanan Krishnamoorthy 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Research Areas in Organic Solar Cells 222 8.3 An Overview of Inverted Organic Solar Cells 224 8.3.1 Transport Layers in Inverted Organic Solar Cells 227 8.3.2 PEDOT:PSS Hole Transport Layer 227 8.3.3 Titanium Oxide Electron Transport Layer 229 8.4 Issues in Inverted Organic Solar Cells and Respective Solutions 232 8.4.1 Wettability Issue of PEDOT:PSS in Inverted Organic Solar Cells 233 8.4.2 Light‐soaking Issue of TiOx‐based Inverted Organic Solar Cells 234 8.5 Overcoming the Wettability Issue and Light‐soaking Issue in Inverted Organic Solar Cells 235 8.5.1 Fluorosurfactant‐modified PEDOT:PSS as Hole Transport Layer 235 8.5.2 Fluorinated Titanium Oxide as Electron Transport Layer 239 8.6 Conclusions and Outlook 245 Acknowledgements 246 References 246 <b
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2018
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 621.31244; Solar cells -- Design and construction; Direct energy conversion
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119437451; 9781119437468
• Related ISBNs: 9781119437406
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