Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment. (2018)

• Record Type: Book
• Authors: Droste, Ronald L; Gehr, Ronald L
• Contents: Acknowledgments XXI Preface XXIII Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the Text XXV About the Companion Website XXXIII Section I: Chemistry 1 1 Basic Chemistry 3 1.1 Definitions 3 1.2 The Expression of Concentration 4 1.3 Ions and Molecules in Water 5 1.3.1 Oxidation Number 5 1.4 Balancing Reactions 9 1.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 10 1.6 Equilibrium 12 1.7 Conductivity and Ionic Strength 13 1.7.1 Conductance 14 1.7.2 Ionic Strength 14 1.8 Chemical Kinetics 15 1.8.1 Other Formulations 16 Consecutive or Series 16 Parallel 17 Retardant 17 Autocatalytic 17 Catalysis 18 1.8.2 The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction 19 1.9 Gas Laws 19 1.10 Gas Solubility: Henry’s Law 20 1.11 Solubility Product 23 1.12 Complexes 25 1.13 Nuclear Chemistry 27 1.13.1 Radioactivity Units 27 Questions and Problems 30 References 33 2 The Thermodynamic Basis for Equilibrium 35 2.1 Thermodynamic Relations 35 2.1.1 Free Energy 35 Expression of Concentration in Equilibrium Expressions 39 2.1.2 Enthalpy and Temperature Effects on the Equilibrium Constant 42 2.2 Redox Potentials 43 2.2.1 Cell or Couple Potential 46 2.2.2 Oxidation–Reduction Potential and System Potential 48 2.3 Corrosion 49 2.3.1 Microbial Corrosion 51 2.3.2 Corrosion Prevention from External Environmental Factors 52 Galvanic Cathodic Protection 52 Electrolytic (or Impressed Current) Cathodic Protection 53 Questions and Problems 53 References 55 3 Acid–Base Chemistry 57 3.1 pH 57 3.2 Acids and Bases 58 3.2.1 Conjugate Acids and Bases 61 3.3 Equivalents and Normality 61 3.4 Solution of Multiequilibria Systems 62 3.5 Buffers 63 3.5.1 Dilution of a Buffered Solution 65 3.5.2 The Most Effective pH for a Buffer 65 3.6 Acid–Base Titrations 66 3.6.1 Titration of Strong Acids and Bases 66 3.6.2 Titration of Weak Acids and Bases 68 3.6.3 Indicating the Endpoint of an Acid–Base Titration 71 3.7 Natural Buffering of Waters from Carbon Dioxide and Related Compounds 73 3.7.1 Acidity and Alkalinity 74 Questions and Problems 76 References 78 4 Organic and Biochemistry 81 4.1 Carbon 81 4.2 Properties of Organic Compounds 81 4.3 Functional Groups 82 4.4 Types of Organic Compounds 83 4.4.1 Aliphatic Compounds 83 Aldehydes and Ketones 83 Alcohols, Esters, and Ethers 83 4.4.2 Nitrogen-containing Compounds 83 4.5 Aromatic Compounds 84 4.5.1 Compounds of Sulfur 85 4.6 Naturally Occurring Organic Compounds 85 4.6.1 Carbohydrates 85 4.6.2 Proteins 86 4.6.3 Fats and Oils 86 4.7 Biochemistry 86 4.8 Glycolysis 87 4.9 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 88 4.10 Enzyme Kinetics 89 Questions and Problems 91 References 93 5 Analyses and Constituents in Water 95 5.1 Titration 95 5.1.1 Complex and Precipitate Formation Titrations 95 5.1.2 Redox Titrations and Potentiometric Analyses 96 5.1.3 Indicators for Potentiometric Analysis 98 5.2 Colorimetric Analyses 99 5.2.1 The Beer–Lambert Laws for Light Transmittance 99 5.3 Physical Analyses 99 5.3.1 Solids 99 5.3.2 Turbidity and Color 101 5.4 Determination of Organic Matter 102 5.4.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand 103 General Reaction for COD 104 Interferences with the COD Test 105 5.4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 105 Effects of Temperature on BOD Exertion 108 Carbonaceous and Nitrogenous BOD 109 Laboratory Methods for Determining BOD 110 Limitations of the BOD Test for Biological Wastewater Treatment Process Design 110 Analysis of a BOD Progression 111 5.4.3 Total Organic Carbon 113 Questions and Problems 113 References 118 Section II: Microorganisms in Water and Water Quality 119 6 Microbiology 121 6.1 Groups of Microorganisms and the Phylogenetic Tree 121 6.2 Bacteria and Archaea 121 6.2.1 Classification of Bacteria 124 Taxonomy 124 Metabolic Requirements 125 Oxygen Requirements 125 Temperature 126 Salt and Sugar Concentrations 127 pH 127 6.3 Eukaryotes 127 6.3.1 Algae 128 6.3.2 Fungi 129 6.3.3 Protists 129 6.4 Other Microorganisms 130 6.4.1 Viruses and Phages 130 6.4.2 Rotifers 131 6.4.3 Worms 131 6.5 Determining the Growth of Microorganisms 132 6.5.1 Growth of Pure Cultures 132 6.5.2 Growth of Mixed Cultures 135 6.5.3 Viability and Mass in Growing Cultures 136 6.5.4 Enumeration of Microorganisms 136 Plate Counts 136 Practical Considerations in Determining Mean Values 140 6.5.5 Microbial Genomics and Molecular Microbiology Tools 141 Phylogenetic Microbial Community Composition Analysis 141 Functional Analysis 142 Questions and Problems 143 References 145 7 Water, Wastes, and Disease 147 7.1 Agents of Disease 147 7.1.1 Bacterial Pathogens 147 7.1.2 Viral Pathogens 149 7.1.3 Protozoan Pathogens 150 7.1.4 Helminths 150 7.1.5 Insect and Animal Vectors of Disease 153 7.2 Indicator, Test, and Model Microorganisms 153 7.3 Indicators of Fecal Contamination 155 7.4 Indicator Microorganisms 156 7.4.1 Coliforms: Total, Thermotolerant, and E. coli 156 7.4.2 Enterococci 157 7.5 Surrogates 157 7.6 Survival of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment 159 7.7 Minimum Infective Dose 162 Questions and Problems 163 References 164 8 Water Constituents and Quality Standards 167 8.1 Toxicity of Elements and Compounds 167 8.2 Contaminants in Water 170 8.2.1 Emerging Contaminants 171 8.2.2 Common Contaminants 173 Aluminum 173 Nitrate 173 Fluoride 173 Detergents 174 8.2.3 Carcinogens 174 8.2.4 Radioactive Constituents 175 8.3 Taste and Odor 176 8.4 Bases for Standards 178 8.4.1 Risk Assessment for Microbial Infection 179 8.4.2 Determination of Carcinogenicity 180 8.4.3 Toxicity Determination 182 8.4.4 Environmental Water Quality Standards 184 8.5 Standards for Drinking Water 184 8.5.1 International Drinking Water Standards 185 8.5.2 US Safe Drinking Water Act 185 8.5.3 Canadian Water Quality Guidelines 186 8.6 Comparison of Drinking Water Standards 187 8.6.1 Microbiological Parameters 187 WHO Guidelines for Microbiological Quality 187 United States Standards for Microbiological Quality 187 Canadian Guidelines for Microbiological Quality 188 8.6.2 Chemical and Physical Qualities 188 8.6.3 Aesthetic Quality 188 8.6.4 Radiological Constituents 188 8.6.5 Other Water Standards 192 8.7 Water Consumption 192 8.8 Canadian Federal Wastewater Quality Guidelines 195 8.9 Wastewater Characteristics 195 Greywater 196 8.10 Wastewater Production 197 Questions
• Edition: 2nd edition
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2018
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 628.162; Water quality; Water quality -- Problems, exercises, etc; Water -- Purification; Water -- Purification -- Problems, exercises, etc; Sewage disposal; Sewage disposal -- Problems, exercises, etc
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119312383
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.