Biodsulfurization in petroleum refining. (2018)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Nour Shafik El-Gendy, Hussein Mohamed Nabil Nassar.
• Authors: El-Gendy, Nour Shafĭk; Nassar, Hussein Mohamed Nabil
• Contents: Preface xiii 1 Background 1 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 1 1.1 Petroleum 2 1.2 Petroleum Composition 7 1.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 8 1.2.2 Petroleum Non-Hydrocarbons 12 1.2.2.1 Problems Generated by Asphaltenes 14 1.3 Sulfur Compounds 15 1.4 Sulfur in Petroleum Major Refinery Products 20 1.4.1 Gasoline 20 1.4.2 Kerosene 23 1.4.3 Jet Fuel 23 1.4.4 Diesel Fuel 23 1.4.5 Heating/Fuel Oils 24 1.4.6 Bunker Oil 24 1.5 Sulfur Problem 25 1.6 Legislative Regulations of Sulfur Levels in Fuels 29 References 32 2 Desulfurization Technologies 39 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 39 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Hydrodesulfurization 47 2.3 Oxidative Desulfurization 71 2.4 Selective Adsorption 108 2.5 Biocatalytic Desulfurization 127 2.5.1 Anaerobic Process 127 2.5.2 Aerobic Process 128 References 130 3 Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas 159 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 159 3.1 Introduction 161 3.2 Natural Gas Processing 169 3.3 Desulfurization Processes 183 3.3.1 Scavengers 183 3.3.2 Adsorption 187 3.3.3 Liquid Redox Processes 193 3.3.4 Claus Plants 195 3.3.4.1 Classic Claus Plant 196 3.3.4.2 Split-Flow Claus Plant 198 3.3.4.3 Oxygen Enrichment Claus Plant 199 3.3.4.4 Claus Plant Tail Gas 199 3.3.5 Absorption/Desorption Process 201 3.3.6 Biodesulfurization 203 3.3.6.1 Photoautotrophic Bacteria 206 3.3.6.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria 211 3.3.6.3 Chemotrophic Bacteria 212 3.3.7 Other Approaches Concerning the Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas 231 References 242 4 Microbial Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions 263 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 263 4.1 Introduction 265 4.2 Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions 269 4.2.1 Hydrodenitrogenation 269 4.2.2 Adsorptive Denitrogenation 272 4.2.3 Extractive and Catalytic Oxidative Denitrogenation 278 4.3 Microbial Attack of Nitrogen Polyaromatic Heterocyclic Compounds (NPAHs) 279 4.4 Enhancing Biodegradation of NPAHs by Magnetic Nanoparticles 295 4.5 Challenges and Opportunities for BDN in Petroleum Industries 300 References 307 5 Bioadsorptive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels 327 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 327 5.1 Introduction 329 5.2 ADS by Agroindustrial-Wastes Activated Carbon 332 5.3 ADS on Modified Activated Carbon 342 5.4 ADS on Carbon Aerogels 352 References 365 6 Microbial Attack of Organosulfur Compounds 375 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 375 6.1 Introduction 377 6.2 Biodegradation of Sulfur Compounds in the Environment 380 6.3 Microbial Attack on Non–Heterocyclic Sulfur–Containing Hydrocarbons 383 6.3.1 Alkyl and Aryl Sulfides 383 6.3.2 Non – Aromatic Cyclic Sulfur – Containing Hydrocarbons 386 6.4 Microbial Attack of Heterocyclic Sulfur – Hydrocarbons 388 6.4.1 Thiophenes 389 6.4.2 Benzothiophenes and Alkyl-Substituted Benzothiophenes 390 6.4.3 Naphthothiophenes 402 6.4.4 Dibenzothiophene and Alkyl-Substituted Dibenzothiophenes 406 6.4.4.1 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT 406 6.4.4.2 Aerobic Biodesulfurization of Alkylated DBT 419 6.4.4.3 Anaerobic Biodesulfurization of DBT 421 6.5 Recent Elucidated DBT-BDS Pathways 422 References 439 7 Enzymology and Genetics of Biodesulfurization Process 459 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 459 7.1 Introduction 461 7.2 Genetics of PASHs BDS Pathway 462 7.2.1 Anaerobic BDS Pathway 462 7.2.2 Aerobic BDS Pathway 463 7.2.2.1 Kodama Pathway 463 7.2.2.2 Complete Degradation Pathway 464 7.2.2.3 4S-Pathway 466 7.3 The Desulfurization dsz Genes 468 7.4 Enzymes Involved in Specific Desulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds 472 7.4.1 The Dsz Enzymes 472 7.4.1.1 DszC Enzyme (DBT-Monooxygenase) 474 7.4.1.2 DszA Enzyme (DBTO2-Monooxygenase) 476 7.4.1.3 DszB Enzyme (HBPS- Desulfinase) 477 7.4.1.4 DszD Enzyme (Flavin-Oxidoreductase Enzyme) 478 7.5 Repression of dsz Genes 480 7.6 Recombinant Biocatalysts for BDS 484 References 506 8 Factors Affecting the Biodesulfurization Process 521 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 521 8.1 Introduction 524 8.2 Effect of Incubation Period 525 8.3 Effect of Temperature and pH 527 8.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration 530 8.5 Effect of Agitation Speed 532 8.6 Effect of Initial Biomass Concentration 536 8.7 Effect of Biocatalyst Age 538 8.8 Effect of Mass Transfer 541 8.9 Effect of Surfactant 541 8.10 Effect of Initial Sulfur Concentration 544 8.11 Effect of Type of S-Compounds 546 8.12 Effect of Organic Solvent and Oil to Water Phase Ratio 553 8.13 Effect of Medium Composition 560 8.14 Effect of Growing and Resting Cells 579 8.15 Inhibitory Effect of Byproducts 580 8.16 Statistical Optimization 590 References 616 9 Kinetics of Batch Biodesulfurization Process 639 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 639 9.1 Introduction 642 9.2 General Background 643 9.2.1 Phases of Microbial Growth 643 9.2.1.1 The Lag Phase 644 9.2.1.2 The Log Phase 644 9.2.1.3 The Stationary Phase 645 9.2.1.4 The Decline Phase 645 9.2.2 Modeling of Population Growth as a Function of Incubation Time 645 9.3 Microbial Growth Kinetics 645 9.3.1 Exponential Growth Model 645 9.3.2 Logistic Growth Model 648 9.4 Some of the Classical Kinetic Models Applied in BDS-Studies 650 9.5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Microbial Growth 651 9.5.1 Effect of Temperature 651 9.5.2 Effect of pH 654 9.5.3 Effect of Oxygen 654 9.6 Enzyme Kinetics 654 9.6.1 Basic Enzyme Reactions 656 9.6.2 Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activity 657 9.6.2.1 Enzyme Concentration 657 9.6.2.2 Substrate Concentration 658 9.6.2.3 Effect of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity 659 9.6.2.4 Effect of Temperature 660 9.6.2.5 Effect of pH 661 9.7 Michaelis-Menten Equation 662 9.7.1 Direct Integration Procedure 664 9.7.2 Lineweaver-Burk Plot Method 666 9.7.3 Eadie-Hofstee 666 9.8 Kinetics of a Multi-Substrates System 667 9.9 Traditional 4S-Pathway 668 9.9.1 Formulation of a Kinetic Model for DBT Desulfurization According to 4S-Pathway 669 9.10 Different Kinetic Studies on the Parameters Affecting the BDS Process 673 9.11 Evaluation of the Tested Biocatalysts 734 9.11.1 Kinetics of the Overall Biodesulfurization Reaction 735 9.11.2 Maximum Percentage of Desulfurization (X BDSMAX %) 735 9.11.3 Time for Maximum Biodesulfurization tBDS max (min) 735 9.11.4 Initial DBT Removal Rate R DBT (μmol/L/min) 736 9.11.5 Maximum Productivity P MAX BDS (%/min) 736 9.11.6 Specific Conversion Rate (SE %L/g/min) 736 References 737 10 Enhancement of BDS Efficiency 753 List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature 753 10.1 Introduction 756 10.2 Isolation of Selective Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms with Broad Versatility on Different S-Compounds 757 10.2.1 Anaerobic Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms 758 10.2.2 B
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : Wiley-Scrivener
• Publication Date: 2018
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 665.538; Petroleum -- Refining
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119224105; 9781119224082
• Related ISBNs: 9781119223580
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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