Geochronology and thermochronology. (2017)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Peter W. Reiners [and six others].
• Authors: Reiners, Peter W; Carlson, Richard W; Renne, Paul R; Cooper, Kari M; Granger, Darryl E; McLean, Noah M; Schoene, Blair
• Contents: Preface, ix 1 Introduction, 1 1.1 Geo and chronologies, 1 1.2 The ages of the age of the earth, 2 1.3 Radioactivity, 7 1.4 The objectives and significance of geochronology, 13 1.5 References, 15 2 Foundations of radioisotopic dating, 17 2.1 Introduction, 17 2.2 The delineation of nuclear structure, 17 2.3 Nuclear stability, 19 2.3.1 Nuclear binding energy and the mass defect, 19 2.3.2 The liquid drop model for the nucleus, 20 2.3.3 The nuclear shell model, 22 2.3.4 Chart of the nuclides, 23 2.4 Radioactive decay, 23 2.4.1 Fission, 23 2.4.2 Alpha-decay, 24 2.4.3 Beta-decay, 25 2.4.4 Electron capture, 25 2.4.5 Branching decay, 25 2.4.6 The energy of decay, 25 2.4.7 The equations of radioactive decay, 27 2.5 Nucleosynthesis and element abundances in the solar system, 30 2.5.1 Stellar nucleosynthesis, 30 2.5.2 Making elements heavier than iron: s-, r-, p-process nucleosynthesis, 31 2.5.3 Element abundances in the solar system, 32 2.6 Origin of radioactive isotopes, 33 2.6.1 Stellar contributions of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, 33 2.6.2 Decay chains, 33 2.6.3 Cosmogenic nuclides, 33 2.6.4 Nucleogenic isotopes, 35 2.6.5 Man-made radioactive isotopes, 36 2.7 Conclusions, 36 2.8 References, 36 3 Analytical methods, 39 3.1 Introduction, 39 3.2 Sample preparation, 39 3.3 Extraction of the element to be analyzed, 40 3.4 Isotope dilution elemental quantification, 42 3.5 Ion exchange chromatography, 43 3.6 Mass spectrometry, 44 3.6.1 Ionization, 46 3.6.2 Extraction and focusing of ions, 49 3.6.3 Mass fractionation, 50 3.6.4 Mass analyzer, 52 3.6.5 Detectors, 57 3.6.6 Vacuum systems, 60 3.7 Conclusions, 62 3.8 References, 63 4 Interpretational approaches: making sense of data, 65 4.1 Introduction, 65 4.2 Terminology and basics, 65 4.2.1 Accuracy, precision, and trueness, 65 4.2.2 Random versus systematic, uncertainties versus errors, 66 4.2.3 Probability density functions, 67 4.2.4 Univariate (one-variable) distributions, 68 4.2.5 Multivariate normal distributions, 68 4.3 Estimating a mean and its uncertainty, 69 4.3.1 Average values: the sample mean, sample variance, and sample standard deviation, 70 4.3.2 Average values: the standard error of the mean, 70 4.3.3 Application: accurate standard errors for mass spectrometry, 71 4.3.4 Correlation, covariance, and the covariance matrix, 73 4.3.5 Degrees of freedom, part 1: the variance, 73 4.3.6 Degrees of freedom, part 2: Student’s t distribution, 73 4.3.7 The weighted mean, 75 4.4 Regressing a line, 76 4.4.1 Ordinary least-squares linear regression, 76 4.4.2 Weighted least-squares regression, 77 4.4.3 Linear regression with uncertainties in two or more variables (York regression), 77 4.5 Interpreting measured data using the mean square weighted deviation, 79 4.5.1 Testing a weighted mean’s assumptions using its MSWD, 79 4.5.2 Testing a linear regression’s assumptions using its MSWD, 80 4.5.3 My data set has a high MSWD—what now?, 81 4.5.4 My data set has a really low MSWD—what now?, 81 4.6 Conclusions, 82 4.7 Bibliography and suggested readings, 82 5 Diffusion and thermochronologic interpretations, 83 5.1 Fundamentals of heat and chemical diffusion, 83 5.1.1 Thermochronologic context, 83 5.1.2 Heat and chemical diffusion equation, 83 5.1.3 Temperature dependence of diffusion, 85 5.1.4 Some analytical solutions, 86 5.1.5 Anisotropic diffusion, 86 5.1.6 Initial infinite concentration (spike), 86 5.1.7 Characteristic length and time scales, 86 5.1.8 Semi-infinite media, 87 5.1.9 Plane sheet, cylinder, and sphere, 88 5.2 Fractional loss, 88 5.3 Analytical methods for measuring diffusion, 89 5.3.1 Step-heating fractional loss experiments, 89 5.3.2 Multidomain diffusion, 92 5.3.3 Profile characterization, 93 5.4 Interpreting thermal histories from thermochronologic data, 94 5.4.1 “End-members” of thermochronometric date interpretations, 94 5.4.2 Equilibrium dates, 95 5.4.3 Partial retention zone, 95 5.4.4 Resetting dates, 96 5.4.5 Closure, 97 5.5 From thermal to geologic histories in low-temperature thermochronology: diffusion and advection of heat in the earth’s crust, 105 5.5.1 Simple solutions for one- and two-dimensional crustal thermal fields, 107 5.5.2 Erosional exhumation, 108 5.5.3 Interpreting spatial patterns of erosion rates, 109 5.5.4 Interpreting temporal patterns of erosion rates, 113 5.5.5 Interpreting paleotopography, 113 5.6 Detrital thermochronology approaches for understanding landscape evolution and tectonics, 116 5.7 Conclusions, 121 5.8 References, 123 6 Rb–Sr, Sm–Nd, and Lu–Hf, 127 6.1 Introduction, 127 6.2 History, 127 6.3 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics, 128 6.3.1 Decay modes and isotopic abundances, 128 6.3.2 Decay constants, 128 6.3.3 Data representation, 129 6.3.4 Geochemistry, 131 6.4 Isochron systematics, 133 6.4.1 Distinguishing mixing lines from isochrons, 136 6.5 Diverse chronological applications, 137 6.5.1 Dating diagenetic minerals in clay-rich sediments, 137 6.5.2 Direct dating of ore minerals, 138 6.5.3 Dating of mineral growth in magma chambers, 140 6.5.4 Garnet Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf dating, 141 6.6 Model ages, 143 6.6.1 Model ages for volatile depletion, 144 6.6.2 Model ages for multistage source evolution, 146 6.7 Conclusion and future directions, 148 6.8 References, 148 7 Re–Os and Pt–Os, 151 7.1 Introduction, 151 7.2 Radioactive systematics and basic equations, 151 7.3 Geochemical properties and abundance in natural materials, 154 7.4 Analytical challenges, 154 7.5 Geochronologic applications, 156 7.5.1 Meteorites, 156 7.5.2 Molybdenite, 158 7.5.3 Other sulfides, ores, and diamonds, 159 7.5.4 Organic-rich sediments, 161 7.5.5 Komatiites, 161 7.5.6 Basalts, 163 7.5.7 Dating melt extraction from the mantle—Re–Osmodel ages, 164 7.6 Conclusions, 167 7.7 References, 167 8 U–Th–Pb geochronology and thermochronology, 171 8.1 Introduction and background, 171 8.1.1 Decay of U and Th to Pb, 171 8.1.2 Dating equations, 173 8.1.3 Decay constants, 173 8.1.4 Isotopic composition of U, 174 8.2 Chemistry of U, Th, and Pb, 176 8.3 Data visualization, isochrons, and concordia plots, 176 8.3.1 Isochron diagrams, 176 8.3.2 Concordia diagrams, 177 8.4 Causes of discordance in the U–Th–Pb system, 178 8.4.1 Mixing of different age domains, 180 8.4.2 Pb loss, 180 8.4.3 Intermediate daughter product disequilibrium, 182 8.4.4 Correction for initial Pb, 183 8.5 Analytical approaches to U–Th–Pb geochronology, 184 8.5.1 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry, 185 8.5.2 Secondary ion mass spectrometry, 187 8.5.3 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 188 8.5.4 Elemental U–Th–Pb geochronology by EMP, 188 8.6 Applications and approaches, 188 8.6.1 The age of meteorites and of Earth, 188</p&g
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Washington, D.C : American Geophysical Union
• Publication Date: 2017
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 551.701; Geological time; Thermal analysis
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118455906
• Related ISBNs: 9781118455890
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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