Ion exchange : environmental processes /: environmental processes. (2017)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Arup K. SenGupta.
• Authors: SenGupta, Arup K
• Contents: Preface xiii Acknowledgment xvii 1 Ion Exchange and Ion Exchangers: An Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Perspective 1 1.2 Water and Ion Exchange: An Eternal Kinship 6 1.3 Constituents of an Ion Exchanger 9 1.4 What is Ion Exchange and What it is Not? 10 1.5 Genesis of Ion Exchange Capacity 12 1.5.1 Inorganic 12 1.5.2 Organic/Polymeric Ion Exchanger 13 1.5.3 Strong-Base Type I and Type II Anion Exchanger 20 1.6 Biosorbent, Liquid Ion Exchanger, and Solvent Impregnated Resin 23 1.6.1 Biosorbent 23 1.6.2 Liquid Ion Exchange 25 1.6.3 Solvent-Impregnated Resins 27 1.7 Amphoteric Inorganic Ion Exchangers 28 1.8 Ion Exchanger versus Activated Carbon: Commonalities and Contrasts 33 1.9 Ion Exchanger Morphologies 34 1.10 Widely Used Ion Exchange Processes 34 1.10.1 Softening 35 1.10.2 Deionization or Demineralization 40 Summary 44 References 45 2 Ion Exchange Fundamentals 50 2.1 Physical Realities 50 2.2 Swelling/Shrinking: Ion Exchange Osmosis 51 2.3 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 55 2.3.1 Genesis of Non-Ideality 57 2.4 Other Equilibrium Constants and Equilibrium Parameters 59 2.4.1 Corrected Selectivity Coefficient 59 2.4.2 Selectivity Coefficient, Kse 2.4.3 Separation Factor ('�A B ) 60 2.4.4 Separation Factor: Homovalent Ion Exchange 61 2.4.5 Separation Factor: Heterovalent Exchange 62 2.4.6 Physical Reality of Selectivity Reversal: Role of Le Châtelier’s Principle 65 2.4.7 Equilibrium Constant: Inconsistencies and Potential Pitfalls 66 2.5 Electrostatic Interaction: Genesis of Counterion Selectivity 69 2.5.1 Monovalent–Monovalent Coulombic Interaction 69 2.6 Ion Exchange Capacity: Isotherms 73 2.6.1 Batch Technique 75 2.6.2 Regenerable Mini-Column Method 79 2.6.3 Step-Feed Frontal Column Run 81 2.7 The Donnan Membrane Effect in Ion Exchanger 84 2.7.1 Coion Invasion or Electrolyte Penetration 84 2.7.2 Role of Cross-linking 90 2.7.3 Genesis of the Donnan Potential 90 2.8 Weak-Acid andWeak-Base Ion Exchange Resins 92 2.8.1 pKa Values ofWeak Ion Exchange Resins 94 2.8.2 Weak-Acid andWeak-Base Functional Groups 96 2.9 Regeneration 98 2.9.1 Selectivity Reversal in Heterovalent Ion Exchange 100 2.9.2 pH Swings 101 2.9.3 Ligand Exchange with Metal Oxides 105 2.9.4 Use of Co-Solvent 106 2.9.5 Dual-Temperature Regeneration 108 2.9.6 Carbon Dioxide Regeneration 111 2.9.7 Regeneration withWater 112 2.10 Resin Degradation and Trace Toxin Formation 112 2.10.1 Formation of Trace Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from Resin Degradation 114 2.11 Ion Exclusion and Ion Retardation 115 2.11.1 Ion Exclusion 115 2.11.2 Ion Retardation 116 2.12 Zwitterion and Amino Acid Sorption 118 2.12.1 Interaction with a Cation Exchanger: Role of pH 119 2.13 Solution Osmotic Pressure and Ion Exchange 121 2.14 Ion Exchanger as a Catalyst 124 Summary 126 References 127 3 Trace Ion Exchange 130 3.1 Genesis of Selectivity 130 3.2 Trace Isotherms 136 3.3 Multi-Component Equilibrium 138 3.4 Agreement with Henry’s Law 140 3.5 Multiple Trace Species: Genesis of Elution Chromatography 143 3.5.1 Determining Separation Factor from Elution Chromatogram 143 3.6 Uphill Transport of Trace Ions: Donnan Membrane Effect 149 3.7 Trace Leakage 151 3.8 Trace Fouling by Natural Organic Matter 153 3.9 Ion Exchange Accompanied by Chemical Reaction 156 3.9.1 Precipitation 156 3.9.2 Complexation 157 3.9.3 Redox Reaction 157 3.10 Monovalent–Divalent Selectivity 158 3.10.1 Effect of Charge Separation: Mechanistic Explanation 158 3.10.2 Nitrate/Sulfate and Chloride/Sulfate Selectivity in Anion Exchange 160 3.10.3 Genesis of Nitrate-Selective Resin 162 3.10.4 Chromate Ion Selectivity 164 3.11 Entropy-Driven Selective Ion Exchange:The Case of Hydrophobic Ionizable Organic Compound (HIOC) 166 3.11.1 Focus of the Study and Related Implications 167 3.11.2 Nature of Solute–Sorbent and Solute–Solvent Interactions 169 3.11.3 Experimental Observations: Stoichiometry, Affinity Sequence, and Cosolvent Effect 173 3.11.4 Energetics of the Sorption Process 177 3.11.5 Unifying Hydrophobic Interaction: From Gas–Liquid to Liquid–Solid System 179 3.11.6 Effect of Polymer Matrix and Solute Hydrophobicity 182 3.12 Linear Free Energy Relationship and Relative Selectivity 183 3.13 Simultaneous Removal of Target Metal Cations and Anions 186 3.14 Deviation from Henry’s Law 188 3.14.1 Ions Forming Polynuclear Species 188 3.15 Tunable Sorption Behaviors of Amphoteric Metal Oxides 192 3.16 Ion Sieving 195 3.17 Trace Ion Removal 201 3.17.1 Uranium(VI) 201 3.17.2 Radium 203 3.17.3 Boron 204 3.17.4 Perchlorate (ClO−4 ) 205 3.17.5 Emerging Contaminants of Concern and Multi-Contaminant Systems 208 3.17.6 Arsenic and Phosphorus: As(V), P(V), and As(III) 210 3.17.7 Fluoride (F−) 214 Summary 215 References 216 4 Ion Exchange Kinetics: Intraparticle Diffusion 224 4.1 Role of Selectivity 224 4.2 State ofWater Molecules inside Ion Exchange Materials 232 4.3 Activation Energy Level in Ion Exchangers: Chemical Kinetics 235 4.3.1 Activation Energy Determination from Experimental Results 236 4.4 Physical Anatomy of an Ion Exchanger: Gel, Macroporous and Fibrous Morphology 242 4.4.1 Gel-Type Ion Exchanger Beads 242 4.4.2 Macroporous Ion Exchanger Beads 243 4.4.3 Ion Exchange Fibers 246 4.5 Column Interruption Test: Determinant of Diffusion Mechanism 248 4.6 Observations Related to Ion Exchange Kinetics 250 4.6.1 Effect of Concentration on Half-time (t1?M2) 251 4.6.2 Major Differences in Ion Exchange Rate 252 4.6.3 Chemically Similar Counterions with Significant Differences in Intraparticle Diffusivity 252 4.6.4 Effect of Competing Ion Concentrations: Gel versus Macroporous 254 4.6.5 Intraparticle Diffusion during Regeneration 255 4.6.6 Shell Progressive Kinetics versus Slow Diffusing Species 255 4.7 Interdiffusion Coefficients for Intraparticle Diffusion 257 4.8 Trace Ion Exchange Kinetics 264 4.8.1 Chlorophenols as the Target Trace Ions 264 4.8.2 Intraparticle Diffusion inside a Macroporous Ion Exchanger 266 4.8.3 Effect of Sorption Affinity on Intraparticle Diffusion 268 4.8.4 Solute Concentration Effect 271 4.9 Rectangular Isotherms and Shell Progressive Kinetics 272 4.9.1 Anomalies in Arrival Sequence of Solutes 274 4.9.2 Quantitative Interpretation 275 4.10 Responses to Observations in Section 4.6 276 4.10.1 Effect of Concentration on Half-time (t1?M2) 276 4.10.2 Slow Kinetics ofWeak-Acid Resin 277 4.10.3 Chemically Similar Counterions: Drastic Difference in Intraparticle Diffusivity 277 4.10.4 Gel versus Macroporous 278 4.10.5 Intraparticle Diffusion during Regeneration 278 4.10.6 Shrinking Core or Shell Progressive Kinetics 279 4.11 Rate-Limiting Step: Dimensionless Numbers 280 4.11.1 Implications of Biot Number: Trace Ion Exchange 281 4.12 Intraparticle Diffusion: From Theory to Practice 284 4.12.1 Reducing Diffusion Path Length: Short-Bed Process and Shell–Core Resins 285 4.12.2 Development of Bifunctional Diphonix®Resin 288 4.12.3 Ion Exchanger as a Host for Enhanced Kinetics 289 Summary 292 References 293 5 Solid- and Gas-Phase Ion Exchange 297 5.1 Solid-Phase I
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2017
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 660.29723; Ion exchange -- Industrial applications
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119421290; 9781119421283
• Related ISBNs: 9781119157397
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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