Understanding expertise : a multi-disciplinary approach /: a multi-disciplinary approach. (2015)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Fernand Gobet.
• Authors: Gobet, Fernand
• Contents: Machine generated contents note: 1.1.Preview of Chapter -- 1.2.The Dual Meaning of the Term "Expertise" -- 1.3.Definitions of Expertise -- 1.4.Why Study Expertise? -- 1.5.Preview of Book -- 1.6.Chapter Summary -- 1.7.Further Reading -- 2.1.Preview of Chapter -- 2.2.De Groot's Seminal Research -- 2.3.Medical Expertise -- 2.4.Holistic Perception and Anticipatory Schemata, -- 2.5.Perception in Sport -- 2.6.Perception in Music -- 2.6.1.Basic Skill Differences in Perception -- 2.6.2.Absolute Pitch -- 2.6.3.Laypeople's Implicit Musical Expertise -- 2.6.4.Sight-Reading -- 2.7.Perceptual Learning, Perceptual Expertise and Categorisation -- 2.8.Chapter Summary -- 2.9.Further Reading -- 3.1.Preview of Chapter -- 3.2.Chase and Simon's Research -- 3.2.1.The Key Empirical Results -- 3.2.2.Chunking Theory -- 3.3.Generalisability of Experts' Superiority in Recall Tasks -- 3.4.Is Knowledge Structured as Chunks? -- 3.5.How Many Chunks Are Stored in LTM? -- 3.6.Does Randomisation Eliminate Experts' Superiority? -- 3.7.Is STM Capacity Limited and Are LTM Encoding Times Slow? -- 3.8.The Intermediate Effect in Medicine -- 3.9.Memory in Sports -- 3.10.Memory in Music -- 3.11.Theoretical Accounts -- 3.11.1.Chase and Simon's Chunking Theory -- 3.11.2.Skilled Memory Theory -- 3.11.3.Long-Term Working Memory -- 3.11.4.Revisions of Chunking Theory -- 3.11.5.Constraint Attunement Theory -- 3.12.Chapter Summary -- 3.13.Further Reading -- 4.1.Preview of Chapter -- 4.2.De Groot's Research -- 4.3.Phases of Problem Solving -- 4.4.Expertise Effects in Progressive Deepening -- 4.5.Macrostructure of Search -- 4.6.Directionality of Search -- 4.7.Planning -- 4.8.Evaluation -- 4.9.The Role of Pattern Recognition in Problem Solving -- 4.10.The Role of Perception in Problem Solving -- 4.11.The Role of Schemata and Conceptual Knowledge in Problem Solving -- 4.12.The Role of Representations -- 4.12.1.Physics -- 4.12.2.Economics -- 4.13.Automatisation and Rigidity of Thought -- 4.13.1.Automatisation -- 4.13.2.Rigidity of Thought -- 4.14.Theories of Problem Solving -- 4.14.1.The Selz-de Groot Framework -- 4.14.2.Newell and Simon's Problem-Space Theory -- 4.14.3.Chunking Theory and Template Theory -- 4.14.4.Holding's Theory -- 4.14.5.Computer Models of Human Search -- 4.15.Chapter Summary -- 4.16.Further Reading -- 5.1.Preview of Chapter -- 5.2.Rationality and Bounded Rationality -- 5.3.The Heuristics and Biases Approach -- 5.4.Biases in Experts -- 5.5.Fast and Frugal Heuristics -- 5.6.Naturalistic Decision Making -- 5.7.The SOS Effect -- 5.8.Shanteau's Framework -- 5.9.Decision Making in Sports -- 5.9.1.Using Task-Specific Probabilities -- 5.9.2.Option Selection -- 5.10.Chapter Summary -- 5.11.Further Reading -- 6.1.Preview of Chapter -- 6.2.Expert Intuition -- 6.2.1.Simon's Theory -- 6.2.2.Dreyfus and Dreyfus's Theory -- 6.2.3.Template Theory of Intuition -- 6.2.4.Too Much of a Good Thing? -- 6.3.Insight -- 6.4.Creativity -- 6.4.1.Are Estimations of Creativity Reliable? -- 6.4.2.Tests of Creativity -- 6.4.3.Factors Supporting the Development of Creativity -- 6.4.4.Theories of Creativity -- 6.5.Chapter Summary -- 6.6.Further Reading -- 7.1.Preview of Chapter -- 7.2.Talent Approaches Based on Intelligence -- 7.2.1.A Brief Overview of Early Intelligence Research -- 7.2.2.Two Classic Studies on Intelligence and Talent -- 7.2.3.Gardner's Approach -- 7.2.4.IQas Predictor of Expert Performance -- 7.2.5.Components of Intelligence -- 7.2.6.Intelligence: Discussion -- 7.3.Talent Approaches Not Based on Intelligence -- 7.3.1.Talent in Chess -- 7.3.2.Talent in Music -- 7.3.3.Talent in Sports -- 7.4.Personality -- 7.4.1.Creativity -- 7.4.2.Other Domains of Expertise -- 7.5.Psychopathology -- 7.6.Gender Differences -- 7.6.1.General Explanations -- 7.6.2.Explanations Based on Intelligence -- 7.7.Chapter Summary -- 7.8.Further Reading -- 8.1.Preview of Chapter -- 8.2.Approaches Based on Talent -- 8.3.Approaches Based on Practice -- 8.3.1.Identifying Strategies -- 8.3.2.Chunking Theory -- 8.3.3.Template Theory -- 8.3.4.ACT-R and Intelligent Tutoring Systems -- 8.3.5.Deliberate Practice -- 8.3.6.Discussion: Talent vs. Practice Revisited -- 8.4.The Question of Transfer -- 8.4.1.Differential Predictions of the Talent and Practice Approaches -- 8.4.2.Early Specialisation vs. Diversification in Sports -- 8.5.Expert Teachers and Learners -- 8.5.1.Expert Teachers -- 8.5.2.Expert Learners -- 8.6.Chapter Summary -- 8.7.Further Reading -- 9.1.Preview of Chapter -- 9.2.Expertise and Development -- 9.2.1.Domain-General Mechanisms -- 9.2.2.Domain-Specific Mechanisms -- 9.2.3.The Role of Strategies -- 9.2.4.Gifted Children -- 9.2.5.Savants -- 9.3.Expertise and Ageing -- 9.3.1.Effects of Age -- 9.3.2.A Paradox -- 9.3.3.Expertise as a Moderating Variable -- 9.3.4.Theories -- 9.3.5.The Careers of Great Creators as a Function of Age -- 9.4.Chapter Summary -- 9.5.Further Reading -- 10.1.Preview of Chapter -- 10.2.Skill Acquisition in Novices -- 10.3.Typical Data in Neuro-Expertise -- 10.3.1.Mental Calculation -- 10.3.2.Memory Champions -- 10.3.3.Chess -- 10.3.4.Music -- 10.3.5.Taxi Drivers -- 10.3.6.Sports -- 10.4.Proposed Mechanisms -- 10.4.1.The Fixed Localisation vs. Perceptual Expertise Debate -- 10.4.2.Mechanisms Linked to Intelligence -- 10.4.3.Functional Reorganisation of the Brain: The Role of Retrieval Structures and Templates -- 10.4.4.Geschwind and Galaburda's (1987) Theory -- 10.5.Gender Differences -- 10.6.Smart Drugs -- 10.7.Chapter Summary -- 10.8.Further Reading -- 11.1.Preview of Chapter -- 11.2.The Difficulty of Making Correct Predictions -- 11.3.A Miscarriage of Justice -- 11.4.When Experts Fail -- 11.4.1.Difficulties with Scientific Research -- 11.4.2.Predictions in Political Science -- 11.5.The Role of Media -- 11.6.Fraud and Cheating in Science -- 11.7.The Internet -- 11.8.Group Phenomena -- 11.9.Why Do We Believe Experts? -- 11.10.Situated Action -- 11.11.Chapter Summary -- 11.12.Further Reading -- 12.1.Preview of Chapter -- 12.2.The Sociology of Professions -- 12.2.1.Early Work -- 12.2.2.Abbott's Seminal Work -- 12.2.3.Experts as Heuristics -- 12.3.Communication and Expertise -- 12.4.Experts in Court -- 12.5.Classification of Experts -- 12.5.1.Mieg's Classification -- 12.5.2.Collins and Evans's (2007) Periodic Table of Expertises -- 12.5.3.Classifications of Expertise: Evaluation -- 12.6.Chapter Summary -- 12.7.Further Reading -- 13.1.Preview of Chapter -- 13.2.Ancient Greek Philosophy -- 13.3.Knowing-How and Tacit Knowledge: Ryle and Polanyi -- 13.4.Disagreement between Experts -- 13.5.Identification of Experts -- 13.6.Dreyfus's Critique of Expert Systems -- 13.7.Rationality and Expertise -- 13.8.Philosophy and Expertise: Applications -- 13.9.Chapter Summary -- 13.10.Further Reading -- 14.1.Preview of Chapter -- 14.2.Knowledge Representation -- 14.3.Expert Systems -- 14.4.Knowledge Elicitation Techniques -- 14.5.Decline of Expert Systems Research -- 14.6.Contributions of Expert Systems Research -- 14.7.Chapter Summary -- 14.8.Further Reading -- 15.1.Preview of Chapter -- 15.2.Good and Bad News -- 15.3.Transversal Themes -- 15.3.1.Definition and Identification -- 15.3.2.Rationality -- 15.3.3.Knowledge -- 15.3.4.Search -- 15.3.5.Generativity -- 15.3.6.Diachronicity -- 15.3.7.Nature vs. Nurture -- 15.3.8.Environment and Society -- 15.4.Methods and Theories -- 15.5.Four Tensions (Almost) Resolved -- 15.6.Practical Implications -- 15.7.How to Become an Expert -- 15.7.1.Performance-based Expertise -- 15.7.2.Reputation-based Expertise -- 15.8.Conclusion: Toward an Integration of Research on Expertise? -- 15.9.Chapter Summary -- 15.10.Further Reading.
• Publisher Details: Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan
• Publication Date: 2015
• Extent: 1 online resource, illustrations
• Subjects: 153.9; Creative Ability; Expertise; Ability; Ability; Expertise; Applied Psychology; Psychology
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781137571960; 1137571969
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.