Electric safety : practice and standards /: practice and standards. (©2014)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Mohamed El-Sharkawi.
• Other Names: El-Sharkawi, Mohamed A
• Contents: Fundamentals of electricity -- Basic components of an electric grid -- Physiological effects of electricity -- Ground resistance -- General hazards of electricity -- Induced voltage due to electric field -- Induced voltage due to magnetic field -- De-energized line work -- Live-line work -- Arc flash -- Atmospheric discharge -- Stray and contact voltages -- Electric safety under power lines -- Coupling between power lines and pipelines, railroads, and telecommunication cables. Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Electric Fields -- 1.2. Magnetic Fields -- 1.3. Alternating Current -- 1.3.1. Root Mean Square -- 1.3.2. Phase Shift -- 1.3.3. Concept of Phasors -- 1.3.4.Complex Numbers -- 1.4. Three-Phase Systems -- 1.4.1. Wye-Connected Balanced Circuit -- 1.4.2. Delta-Connected Balanced Circuit -- Exercises -- 2.1. Power Lines -- 2.1.1. Conductors -- 2.1.1.1. Cables -- 2.1.1.2. Bundled Conductors -- 2.1.1.3. Static Wires -- 2.1.2. Insulators -- 2.2. Substations -- 2.2.1. Transformers -- 2.2.2. Circuit Breakers -- 2.2.3. Circuit Reclosers -- 2.2.4. Circuit Sectionalizers -- 2.2.5. Isolators and Bypasses -- 2.2.6. Load Switches -- 2.2.7. Fuses -- 2.2.8. Surge Protectors -- 2.2.9. Measuring Equipment -- 2.2.9.1. Voltage Sensors -- 2.2.9.2. Current Transformers -- 2.2.10. Reactive Power Control Equipment -- 2.2.10.1. Fixed or Switched Capacitors -- 2.2.10.2. Static Reactive Power Compensators -- Exercises -- 3.1. Classifications of Electric Shocks -- 3.2. Factors Determining the Severity of Electric Shocks -- 3.2.1. Effect of Voltage -- 3.2.2. Effect of Current -- 3.2.3. Effect of Body Resistance -- 3.2.4. Effect of Current Pathway -- 3.2.5. Effect of Shock Duration -- 3.2.6. Effect of Frequency -- 3.2.7. Effect of Impulse versus Continuous Current -- 3.3. Symptoms and Treatments of Electric Shock -- 3.4. Microshocks -- Exercises -- 4.1. Ground Resistance of Objects -- 4.1.1. Ground Resistance of Hemisphere -- 4.1.2. Ground Resistance of Circular Plate -- 4.1.3. Ground Resistance of People -- 4.1.4. Ground Resistance of Rod -- 4.1.4.1. Ground Resistance of Rods Inserted in Concrete -- 4.1.4.2. Ground Resistance of a Cluster of Rods -- 4.1.5. Ground Resistance of Buried Wires -- 4.1.5.1. Ground Resistance of Buried Wires in Grid Arrangement -- 4.1.5.2. Ground Resistance of Combined Grids and Rods -- 4.2. Soil Resistivity -- 4.2.1. Measuring Ground Resistance -- 4.2.2. Measuring Soil Resistivity -- 4.2.2.1. Wenner Four-Pin Method -- 4.2.2.2. Schlumberger Four-Pin Method -- 4.2.2.3. Driven-Rod Method -- 4.2.2.4. Nonuniform Soils -- 4.2.2.5.Comments on the Three Methods -- 4.3. Soil Treatment -- 4.4. Factors Affecting Ground Resistance -- 4.4.1. Effect of Voltage Gradient -- 4.4.2. Effect of Current -- 4.4.3. Effect of Moisture, Temperature, and Chemical Content -- 4.4.4. Surface Material -- Exercises -- 5.1. Touch Potential -- 5.1.1. Touch Potential of Energized Objects -- 5.1.2. Touch Potential of Unintentionally Energized Objects -- 5.1.3. Touch Potential of De-Energized Objects -- 5.2. Step Potential -- Exercises -- 6.1. Equipotential Surface -- 6.2. Induced Voltage on a Conductor without Field Distortion -- 6.2.1. Effect of Line Length on Induced Voltage -- 6.2.2. Generalized Method for Short Lines -- 6.2.3. Approximate Method for Long Lines -- 6.3. Electric Field Distortion due to Earth -- 6.3.1. Image Charge -- 6.3.2. Error When Earth Effect Is Ignored -- 6.3.3. Bundled Conductors -- 6.4. Induced Voltage due to Multiple Energized Phases -- 6.4.1.Computation of Conductor Charge -- 6.4.2.Computational Steps for Induced Voltage on De-Energized Conductors -- 6.5. Effect of Line Configuration on Induced Voltage -- 6.6. Induced Voltage due to Energized Cables -- Exercises -- 7.1. Flux and Flux Linkage -- 7.2. Induced Voltage due to Single Energized Conductor -- 7.3. Induced Voltage due to Multiple Energized Conductors -- 7.3.1. Induced Voltage due to Steady-State Current -- 7.3.2. Induced Voltage due to Transient Current -- 7.4. Induced Voltage due to Electric and Magnetic Fields -- Exercises -- 8.1. Definition of a De-Energized Conductor -- 8.2. Methods of Detecting Induced Voltage -- 8.3. Main Protection Techniques -- 8.3.1. Isolation -- 8.3.2. Insulation -- 8.3.3. Grounding -- 8.4. Grounding System -- 8.4.1. Protective Grounds -- 8.4.2. Sizing of Temporary Ground Conductors -- 8.5. Grounding Methods -- 8.5.1. Equipotential Zone -- 8.5.1.1. Single-Point Grounding -- 8.5.1.2. Bonding to Best Ground at the Site -- 8.5.1.3. Single versus Three-Phase Grounding -- 8.5.2. Examples of Equipotential Zone Design -- 8.5.2.1. Worksite 1: Aerial Work Away from Towers with Isolated Ground Equipment -- 8.5.2.2. Worksite 2: Aerial Work near Towers with Isolated Ground Equipment -- 8.5.2.3. Worksite 3: Aerial and Ground Work -- 8.5.3. Bracketed Grounds -- 8.5.4. Circulating Current -- 8.6. Case Studies -- 8.6.1. Case Study 1 -- 8.6.2. Case Study 2 -- 8.6.3. Case Study 3 -- 8.6.4. Case Study 4 -- 8.6.5. Case Study 5 -- 8.6.6. Case Study 6 -- Exercises -- 9.1. Hot Stick Method -- 9.2. Insulate and Isolate Method -- 9.3. Bare-Hand Method -- 9.4. Case Study -- Exercises -- 10.1. Arc Flash Phases -- 10.1.1. Arc Fault -- 10.1.2. Arc Flash -- 10.1.3. Arc Blast -- 10.2. Assessment of Arc Flash -- 10.2.1. Calculation of Arc Flash Current -- 10.2.2. Calculation of Incident Energy -- 10.3. Calculation of Arc Flash Protection Boundary -- 10.4. Personal Protection Equipment -- 10.5. Approach Boundaries -- Exercises -- 11.1. Characteristics of Lightning Discharge -- 11.2. Protection from Lightning Strikes -- 11.2.1. Lightning Pole and Lightning Discharge Tower -- 11.2.2. Overhead Ground Wire -- 11.2.3. Surge Arresters -- 11.2.4. Spark Gap -- 11.3. Safe Distance from Lightning Protection Devices -- Exercises -- 12.1. Neutral versus Ground -- 12.1.1. Grounding Chassis -- 12.1.2. Bonding Chassis to Neutral -- 12.1.3. Grounding Chassis and Bonding Ground to Neutral -- 12.1.4. Receptacles and Plugs -- 12.1.5. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter -- 12.2. Service Transformer -- 12.3. Voltage on Neutral Conductor -- 12.4. Stray Voltage -- 12.4.1. Power Distribution of a Dwelling -- 12.4.2. Stray Voltage in Farms -- 12.4.3. Stray Voltage in Swimming Pools -- 12.4.4. Stray Voltage in Outdoor Showers -- 12.4.5. Stray Voltage in Hospitals -- 12.4.5.1. Microshock due to Grounded System -- 12.4.5.2. Microshock in Isolated System -- 12.5. Detection of Stray Voltage -- 12.6. Mitigation of Stray Voltage -- 12.6.1. Double-Bushing Transformers -- 12.6.2. Isolation Transformer -- 12.6.3. Neutral Isolator -- 12.6.4. Four-Wire System -- 12.6.5. Cable Television, Phone Lines, and Metal Pipes -- 12.6.6. Equipotential Area -- 12.6.7. Reducing Grounding Resistance -- 12.7. Mitigation of Stray Voltage in Hospitals -- 12.7.1. Equipotential Grounding -- 12.7.2. Neutral Isolation -- 12.7.3. Protection against Microshock -- 12.8. Contact and Structure Voltages -- 12.8.1. Light Rail Systems -- 12.8.2. Fences and Gates -- 12.8.2.1. Effect of Ground Currents -- 12.8.2.2. Effect of Electric Coupling -- 12.8.3. Street Structures -- 12.9. Neutral Deterioration -- 12.10. World's Residential Grounding Practices -- 12.10.1. Two-Wire System -- 12.10.2. Two-Wire Bonded System -- 12.10.3. Two-Wire EGC System -- 12.10.4. Three-Wire EGC System -- Exercises -- 13.1. Electric Field Calculation -- 13.2. Electric Field near Objects -- 13.3. Electric Field Profile under Power Lines -- 13.4. Allowable Limits for Electric Fields -- 13.4.1. Electric Safety Limits -- 13.4.2. Health Limits -- 13.5. Minimum Vertical Clearance Methods -- 13.5.1. Method 1: MVC for Systems with Unknown Switching Surges -- 13.5.2. Method 2: MVC for Systems with Voltage Exceeding 98 kV and with Known Switching Surges -- 13.6. Measurement of Electric Field Strength -- 13.6.1. Free-Body Meter -- 13.6.1.1. Dipole Free-Body Meter -- 13.6.1.2. Isotropic Free-Body Meter -- 13.6.2. Ground-Reference Meter -- 13.6.3. Electro-Optic Meter -- 13.7. Mitigation of Electric Field -- Exercises -- 14.1. Electric Field Coupling -- 14.2. Magnetic Field Coupling -- 14.2.1. Electrically Continuous Underground Pipeline -- 14.2.2. Electrically Discontinuous Underground Pipeline -- 14.3. Mitigation of Electromagnetic Coupling -- 14.4. Ground Current -- Exercises.
• Publisher Details: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press
• Publication Date: 2014
• Copyright Date: 2014
• Extent: 1 online resource (xix, 435 pages), illustrations
• Subjects: 621.30289; Electrical engineering -- Safety measures; Electrical engineering -- Safety regulations; Electrical engineering -- Standards; Electrical engineering -- Safety measures; Electrical engineering -- Safety regulations; Electrical engineering -- Standards; Electronic books
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 1466571497; 9781466571495; 9781466571501; 1466571500
• Related ISBNs: 9781466571495
• Notes: Note: Print version record.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.