Pharmaceuticals in the environment. (2015)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Editors, R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison.
• Editors: Hester, R. E (Ronald E.); Harrison, Roy M, 1948-
• Contents: Machine generated contents note: The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Future of Drug Development / David Taylor -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Historical Background -- 1.2. What is a Pharmaceutical? -- 1.3. Environmental Impact -- 2. The Pharmaceutical Industries -- 3. Research, Discovery and Development -- 3.1. Pre-clinical Trials -- 3.2. Clinical Trials -- 3.3. Environmental Issues -- 4.Commercial Realities -- 4.1. Problems with Patents -- 4.2. Maintaining a Viable Business -- 4.3. Access to Medicines -- 5. The Pharmaceutical Industry in the Future -- 5.1.Commercial Pressures -- 5.2. Environmental Challenges -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Distribution of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment / Vince D'Aco -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals -- 3. Reviews of Pharmaceutical Products -- 4. Measured Concentrations -- 5. Modelling to Complement and Extend the Utility of Field Programs -- 5.1. Measure or Model? -- 5.2. Estimates of API Consumption for Use in Modelling Analysis. Note continued: 5.3. Modelling for Design of Field Surveys -- 5.4. Elucidating Fate and Transport Mechanisms -- 5.5. Critical Evaluation of Measured Concentrations -- 5.6. Modelling to Support Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessments -- 5.7. Models to Evaluate Potential Impacts of Natural and Synthetic Estrogens -- 5.8. Using Models to Evaluate Mitigation Strategies -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment / Thomas H. Hutchinson -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Key Sources of Pharmaceuticals Entering the Marine Environment -- 2.1. Human Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs -- 2.2. Veterinary Medicines -- 2.3. Environmental Fate of PhACs in Marine Environments -- 2.4. Concentrations of PhACs Measured in the Marine Environment -- 2.5. Impacts on Marine Organisms -- 2.6. Human Health Concerns -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Sources of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment and their Control / Daniel J. Caldwell -- 1. Introduction and Overview. Note continued: 2. Pathways of Exposure -- 3. Patient Consumption and Excretion -- 3.1. Human Excretion -- 3.2. APIs Excreted into the Sewage System Undergo Wastewater Treatment -- 4. Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manufacturing -- 5. Unused Medicines and their Disposal -- 5.1. Disposal in Municipal Solid Waste -- 6. Wastewater Treatment -- 7. Hospitals -- 8. Minor Pathways -- 8.1. Exposure through the Consumption of Foods -- 8.2. Exposure through Water Consumption -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Treatment Works and their Fate in the Receiving Environment / Paola Verlicchi -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewaters -- 2.1. Occurrence in Municipal Sewage -- 2.2. The Fate and Behaviour of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Works -- 2.3. Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Conventional Wastewater Treatment -- 2.4. Occurrence in Sewage Sludge -- 3. Need for Advanced Treatment and Sustainability Implications. Note continued: 4. Pharmaceuticals in Receiving Waters -- 4.1. Occurrence -- 4.2. Fate and Behaviour -- 5. Significance of Levels of Pharmaceuticals in Waters -- 6. Discussion -- 6.1. Recommendations to Reduce Pharmaceutical Inputs -- 7. Summary -- References -- Ecotoxicology, Environmental Risk Assessment and Potential Impact on Human Health / Reinhard Lange -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Some Relevant Pharmacology -- 2.1. Pharmacokinetics -- 2.2. Pharmacodynamics -- 3. General Approaches and Data Availability -- 3.1. Dealing with Data Distributions -- 3.2. What is a `Safe' Concentration? -- 3.3. Data Feast and Famine -- 4. Potential Risks to Humans -- 4.1. Predicted Environmental Concentrations versus Acceptable Daily Intakes -- 4.2. Measured Environmental Concentrations versus Acceptable Daily Intakes -- 4.3. Genotoxicity -- 4.4. Hormonal Disruption -- 4.5. Susceptible Sub-populations -- 4.6. Conclusions on Human Risks -- 5. Potential Risks to Aquatic Life. Note continued: 5.1. Limitations of Available Ecotoxicity Data -- 5.2. Predicted Environmental Concentrations versus Predicted No Effect Concentrations -- 5.3. Measured Environmental Concentrations versus Predicted No Effect Concentrations -- 5.4. Estrogenic APIs -- 5.5. Antidepressants -- 5.6. Plasma Concentration Model -- 5.7. Conclusions on Risks to Aquatic Life -- 6. Antibiotics, Clinical Resistance and Potential Risks to Beneficial Microbes -- References -- Impacts of Pharmaceuticals on Terrestrial Wildlife / Chad A. Kinney -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1.A Global Context -- 1.2. Scale and Pathways -- 1.3. Recognised Impacts on Non-target Wildlife -- 1.4. Aim of this Chapter -- 2. Pathways, Exposure and Effects in Terrestrial Wildlife -- 2.1. Pathways, Exposure and Effects Associated with Freshwater Contamination -- 2.2. Pathways, Exposure and Effects within the Terrestrial Landscape -- 3. Known Impacts in Terrestrial Wildlife. Note continued: 3.1. Case Study: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Avian Scavengers -- 4. Analytical and Monitoring Approaches and Challenges -- 4.1. Analytical Tools -- 4.2. Monitoring Approaches -- Transformation Products -- 4.3. Wildlife Exposure: Novel Biomarkers and Endpoints -- 4.4. Field Monitoring and Sample Matrices -- 5. Legislative Perspectives -- 5.1. Case 1: Scavenging Wildlife and Pentobarbital in the US -- 5.2. Case 2: Veterinary NSAIDs in the EU, South Africa and on the Indian Subcontinent -- 6. Future Priorities -- 6.1. Better Quantify Potential Risks for Terrestrial Wildlife -- 6.2. Improve Risk Assessment for Terrestrial Environments -- 6.3. Better Understand the Risks Posed by Pharmaceutical Transformation Products -- 6.4. Develop New Ways of Monitoring Across a Wider Range of Taxa -- 7. In Conclusion -- References -- Veterinary Pharmaceuticals / Silke Hickmann -- 1. Introduction. Note continued: 2. Legal and Regulatory Demands Concerning Environmental Impact of VMPs in the EU -- 3. The Impact of VMPs on the Environment -- 3.1. Emission of VMP Residues Related to Production -- 3.2. Emission of VMPs Residues Related to Use -- 3.3. Emission of VMPs Residues Related to Disposal -- 4. Specific Toxic Effects of VMPs -- 4.1. Antiparasitics in the Aquatic Environment -- 4.2. Antimicrobials in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments -- 4.3. Antiparasitics for Pasture Animals -- 4.4. Risks to Vultures and other Necrophagous Bird Populations in the European Union in Connection with the Use of Veterinary Medicines Containing Diclofenac -- 5. Monitoring and Ecopharmacovigilance -- References.
• Publisher Details: Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry
• Publication Date: 2015
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 615.19; SCIENCE / Environmental Science (see also Chemistry / Environmental); Drugs -- Environmental aspects; Pharmaceutical chemistry; Pollution & threats to the environment; Impact of science & technology on society
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781782622345; 1782622349
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.