Hydrometeorology. (2016)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Christopher Collier.
• Authors: Collier, C. G
• Contents: Series Foreword xiv Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii About the Companion Website xviii 1 The Hydrological Cycle 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Processes comprising the hydrological cycle 3 1.3 Global influences on the hydrological cycle 4 1.4 Water balance 6 1.5 Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle 6 1.6 Coupled models for the hydrological cycle 7 1.7 Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project (GEWEX) 8 1.8 Flooding 8 Summary of key points in this chapter 9 Problems 10 References 10 2 Precipitation 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Equation of state for a perfect gas 11 2.3 Hydrostatic pressure law 12 2.4 First law of thermodynamics 12 2.5 Atmospheric processes: dry adiabatic lapse rate 13 2.6 Water vapour in the atmosphere 15 2.7 Atmospheric processes: saturated adiabatic lapse rate 16 2.8 Stability and convection in the atmosphere 16 2.9 The growth of precipitation particles 18 2.10 Precipitation systems 21 2.10.1 Localized convection 22 2.10.2 Mesoscale precipitation systems 23 2.10.3 Mid?-latitude depressions 26 2.10.4 Tropical storms 30 2.10.5 Orographic effects on precipitation distribution 31 2.10.6 Topographical effects on precipitation distribution 33 2.11 Global atmospheric circulation 33 Appendix 2.1 Growth of a raindrop 33 Summary of key points in this chapter 35 Problems 36 References 37 3 Evaporation and Transpiration 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Modelling potential evaporation based upon observations 41 3.3 Aerodynamic approach 42 3.4 Energy balance 44 3.5 The Penman equation 44 3.6 Sensible and water vapour fluxes 45 3.7 Evaporation of water from wet vegetation surfaces: the interception process 47 3.8 Measuring evaporation and transpiration 47 3.9 Water circulation in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum 48 3.10 Water circulation and transpiration 50 3.11 Water flux in plants 50 3.12 Modelling land surface temperatures and fluxes 51 3.13 Soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer schemes 54 3.14 Estimation of large scale evapotranspiration and total water storage in a river basin 56 Appendix 3.1 Combination of aerodynamic and energy balance methods of computing lake evaporation 57 Appendix 3.2 Modelling soil moisture wetness 57 Summary of key points in this chapter 58 Problems 59 References 60 4 Snow and Ice 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Basic processes 63 4.2.1 Formation of snow 63 4.2.2 Formation of snow cover and its effects on the atmosphere 65 4.2.3 Formation of ice 67 4.3 Characteristics of snow cover 68 4.4 Glaciers 70 4.5 Sea ice 71 4.6 Permafrost 71 4.7 The physics of melting and water movement through snow 71 4.8 Water equivalent of snow 74 4.9 Modelling snowmelt and stream flow 76 4.10 Snow avalanches 80 4.11 Worldwide distribution and extremes of snow cover 81 Appendix 4.1 Estimates of catchment snowmelt inflow rates 83 Summary of key points in this chapter 84 Problems 86 References 87 5 Measurements and Instrumentation 90 5.1 Measurement, resolution, precision and accuracy 90 5.2 Point measurements of precipitation 90 5.2.1 Raingauge types 90 5.2.2 Measuring snow and hail 92 5.2.3 Errors in measurement 94 5.3 Areal measurements of precipitation using raingauge networks 96 5.4 Radar measurements of rainfall 96 5.4.1 Basics 96 5.4.2 Errors in radar measurements 97 5.4.3 Adjustment using raingauges 101 5.4.4 Summary of problem areas associated with radar measurements of precipitation 102 5.4.5 The use of multi?]parameter radar 103 5.4.6 Drop size distributions 104 5.4.7 Rainfall estimation using parametric variables 104 5.4.8 Measurement of snow 106 5.4.9 Measurement of hail 107 5.4.10 Precipitation type 108 5.5 Soil moisture 109 5.5.1 Approaches 109 5.5.2 Gravimetric method 109 5.5.3 Electrical resistance method 110 5.5.4 Neutron method 110 5.5.5 Gamma ray attenuation method 110 5.5.6 COSMOS-UK 111 5.5.7 Dielectric methods 111 5.5.8 Tensiometric method 113 5.5.9 Satellite remote sensing 113 5.6 Evaporation and evapotranspiration 113 5.7 Flow measurement: basic hydrometry 113 5.8 Measuring stream discharge 115 5.8.1 The stage-discharge curve 115 5.8.2 Automated moving boat methods 117 5.9 Brief overview of modern telemetry 117 5.9.1 Ground?-based telemetry links 117 5.9.2 VHF and UHF radio links 117 5.9.3 Satellite links 118 Appendix 5.1 Combining dissimilar estimates by the method of least squares 118 Summary of key points in this chapter 119 Problems 121 References 121 6 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing 125 6.1 Overview of satellite remote sensing 125 6.2 Surface scattering of electromagnetic radiation 129 6.3 Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the atmosphere 131 6.4 Visible and infrared data 132 6.4.1 Precipitation 134 6.4.2 Snow depth 135 6.4.3 Soil moisture and evapotranspiration 136 6.5 Multispectral data 137 6.5.1 Precipitation 137 6.5.2 Cloud recognition 137 6.5.3 Snow 138 6.6 Passive microwave techniques 138 6.6.1 Precipitation 141 6.6.2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) 143 6.6.3 Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) 143 6.6.4 Snow depth 143 6.6.5 Sea ice and sea surface temperature 145 6.6.6 Soil moisture and evapotranspiration 145 6.7 Active (radar) microwave techniques 147 6.7.1 Synthetic aperture radar 147 6.7.2 Radar systems 149 6.7.3 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 150 6.8 The surface energy balance system (SEBS) 150 6.9 Summary of satellite measurement issues 151 Appendix 6.1 Radiation balance 154 Summary of key points in this chapter 155 Problems 157 References 157 7 Analysis of Precipitation Fields and Flood Frequency 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Areal mean precipitation 163 7.3 Spatial and temporal storm analysis 165 7.3.1 Spatial statistical analyses 165 7.3.2 Temporal analyses 167 7.3.3 Oscillations in precipitation 168 7.3.4 Conditional probabilities 169 7.3.5 Kriging 169 7.3.6 Accuracy of the precipitation products 171 7.4 Model storms for design 172 7.5 Approaches to estimating flood frequency 173 7.6 Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) 175 7.7 Probable maximum flood (PMF) 177 7.8 Flood Studies Report (FSR) 177 7.9 Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) 180 Appendix 7.1 Three-dimensional description of a rainfall surface 182 Appendix 7.2 Gumbel distribution 183 Summary of key points in this chapter 183 Problems 185 References 185 8 Precipitation Forecasting 188 8.1 Introduction 188 8.2 Nowcasting 188 8.2.1 Definition 188 8.2.2 Impact of errors in precipitation measurements 189 8.2.3 Extrapolation of radar data 189 8.3 Probabilistic radar nowcasting 192 8.4 Numerical models: structure, data requirements, data assimilation 194</p&
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell
• Publication Date: 2016
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 551.57; Hydrometeorology; Hydrodynamic weather forecasting
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118414941; 9781118414934
• Related ISBNs: 9781118414989
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; item not viewed.
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