Introduction to catalysis and industrial catalytic processes. (2016)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Robert J. Farrauto, Lucas Dorazio, C.H. Bartholomew.
• Authors: Farrauto, Robert J, 1941-; Dorazio, Lucas; Bartholomew, Calvin H
• Contents: Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Figures xix Nomenclature xxvii Chapter 1 Catalyst Fundamentals of Industrial Catalysis 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Catalyzed versus Noncatalyzed Reactions 1 1.2.1 Example Reaction: Liquid-Phase Redox Reaction 2 1.2.2 Example Reaction: Gas-Phase Oxidation Reaction 4 1.3 Physical Structure of a Heterogeneous Catalyst 6 1.3.1 Active Catalytic Species 7 1.3.2 Chemical and Textural Promoters 7 1.3.3 Carrier Materials 8 1.3.4 Structure of the Catalyst and Catalytic Reactor 8 1.4 Adsorption and Kinetically Controlled Models for Heterogeneous Catalysis 10 1.4.1 Langmuir Isotherm 11 1.4.2 Reaction Kinetic Models 13 1.4.2.1 Langmuir–Hinshelwood Kinetics for CO Oxidation on Pt 14 1.4.2.2 Mars–van Krevelen Kinetic Mechanism 17 1.4.2.3 Eley–Rideal (E–R) Kinetic Mechanism 18 1.4.2.4 Kinetic versus Empirical Rate Models 18 1.5 Supported Catalysts: Dispersed Model 19 1.5.1 Chemical and Physical Steps Occurring during Heterogeneous Catalysis 19 1.5.2 Reactant Concentration Gradients within the Catalyzed Material 22 1.5.3 The Rate-Limiting Step 22 1.6 Selectivity 24 1.6.1 Examples of Selectivity Calculations for Reactions with Multiple Products 25 1.6.2 Carbon Balance 26 1.6.3 Experimental Methods for Measuring Carbon Balance 27 Questions 27 Bibliography 29 Chapter 2 The Preparation of Catalytic Materials 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Carrier Materials 32 2.2.1 Al2 O3 32 2.2.2 SiO2 34 2.2.3 TiO2 34 2.2.4 Zeolites 35 2.2.5 Carbons 37 2.3 Incorporating the Active Material into the Carrier 37 2.3.1 Impregnation 37 2.3.2 Incipient Wetness or Capillary Impregnation 38 2.3.3 Electrostatic Adsorption 38 2.3.4 Ion Exchange 38 2.3.5 Fixing the Catalytic Species 39 2.3.6 Drying and Calcination 39 2.4 Forming the Final Shape of the Catalyst 40 2.4.1 Powders 40 2.4.1.1 Milling and Sieving 41 2.4.1.2 Spray Drying 42 2.4.2 Pellets, Pills, and Rings 43 2.4.3 Extrudates 43 2.4.4 Granules 44 2.4.5 Monoliths 44 2.5 Catalyst Physical Structure and Its Relationship to Performance 45 2.6 Nomenclature for Dispersed Catalysts 45 Questions 46 Bibliography 46 Chapter 3 Catalyst Characterization 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Physical Properties of Catalysts 49 3.2.1 Surface Area and Pore Size 49 3.2.1.1 Nitrogen Porosimetry 49 3.2.1.2 Pore Size by Mercury Intrusion 51 3.2.2 Particle Size Distribution of Particulate Catalyst 51 3.2.2.1 Particle Size Distribution 51 3.2.2.2 Mechanical Strength 53 3.2.3 Physical Properties of Environmental Washcoated Monolith Catalysts 54 3.2.3.1 Washcoat Thickness 54 3.2.3.2 Washcoat Adhesion 54 3.3 Chemical and Physical Morphology Structures of Catalytic Materials 54 3.3.1 Elemental Analysis 54 3.3.2 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis 55 3.3.3 The Morphology of Catalytic Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy 56 3.3.4 Structural Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction 57 3.3.5 Structure and Morphology of Al2 O3 Carriers 58 3.3.6 Dispersion or Crystallite Size of Catalytic Species 58 3.3.6.1 Chemisorption 58 3.3.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 61 3.3.7 X-Ray Diffraction 62 3.3.8 Surface Composition of Catalysts by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 62 3.3.9 The Bonding Environment of Metal Oxides by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 64 3.4 Spectroscopy 65 Questions 66 Bibliography 67 Chapter 4 Reaction Rate in Catalytic Reactors 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Space Velocity, Space Time, and Residence Time 69 4.3 Definition of Reaction Rate 71 4.4 Rate of Surface Kinetics 72 4.4.1 Empirical Power Rate Expressions 72 4.4.2 Experimental Measurement of Empirical Kinetic Parameters 73 4.4.3 Accounting for Chemical Equilibrium in Empirical Rate Expression 77 4.4.4 Special Case for First-Order Isothermal Reaction 77 4.5 Rate of Bulk Mass Transfer 78 4.5.1 Overview of Bulk Mass Transfer Rate 78 4.5.2 Origin of Bulk Mass Transfer Rate Expression 79 4.6 Rate of Pore Diffusion 80 4.6.1 Overview of Pore Diffusion 80 4.6.2 Pore Diffusion Theory 81 4.7 Apparent Activation Energy and the Rate-Limiting Process 82 4.8 Reactor Bed Pressure Drop 83 4.9 Summary 84 Questions 84 Bibliography 87 Chapter 5 Catalyst Deactivation 88 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Thermally Induced Deactivation 88 5.2.1 Sintering of the Catalytic Species 89 5.2.2 Sintering of Carrier 92 5.2.3 Catalytic Species–Carrier Interactions 95 5.3 Poisoning 96 5.3.1 Selective Poisoning 96 5.3.2 Nonselective Poisoning or Masking 97 5.4 Coke Formation and Catalyst Regeneration 99 Questions 101 Bibliography 103 Chapter 6 Generating Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas by Catalytic Hydrocarbon Steam Reforming 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.1.1 Why Steam Reforming with Hydrocarbons? 104 6.2 Large-Scale Industrial Process for Hydrogen Generation 105 6.2.1 General Overview 105 6.2.2 Hydrodesulfurization 106 6.2.3 Hydrogen via Steam Reforming and Partial Oxidation 106 6.2.3.1 Steam Reforming 106 6.2.3.2 Deactivation of Steam Reforming Catalyst 110 6.2.3.3 Pre-reforming 111 6.2.3.4 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming 111 6.2.4 Water Gas Shift 112 6.2.4.1 Deactivation of Water Gas Shift Catalyst 116 6.2.5 Safety Considerations During Catalyst Removal 116 6.2.6 Other CO Removal Methods 116 6.2.6.1 Pressure Swing Absorption 116 6.2.6.2 Methanation 117 6.2.6.3 Preferential Oxidation of CO 117 6.2.7 Hydrogen Generation for Ammonia Synthesis 119 6.2.8 Hydrogen Generation for Methanol Synthesis 120 6.2.9 Synthesis Gas for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 120 6.3 Hydrogen Generation for Fuel Cells 121 6.3.1 New Catalyst and Reactor Designs for the Hydrogen Economy 122 6.3.2 Steam Reforming 123 6.3.3 Water Gas Shift 124 6.3.4 Preferential Oxidation 125 6.3.5 Combustion 125 6.3.6 Autothermal Reforming for Complicated Fuels 126 6.3.7 Steam Reforming of Methanol: Portable Power Applications 126 6.4 Summary 126 Questions 127 Bibliography 128 Chapter 7 Ammonia, Methanol, Fischer–Tropsch Production 129 7.1 Ammonia Synthesis 129 7.1.1 Thermodynamics 129 7.1.2 Reaction Chemistry and Catalyst Design 130 7.1.3 Process Design 132 7.1.4 Catalyst Deactivation 134 7.2 Methanol Synthesis 134 7.2.1 Process Design 136 7.2.1.1 Quench Reactor 136 7.2.1.2 Staged Cooling Reactor 137 7.2.1.3 Tube-Cooled Reactor 137 7.2.1.4 Shell-Cooled Reactor 138 7.2.2 Catalyst Deactivation 139 7.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 140 7.3.1 Process Design 142 7.3.1.1 Bubble/Slurry-Phase Process 142 7.3.1.2 Packed Bed Process 143 7.3.1.3 Slurry/Loop Reactor (Synthol Process) 143 7.3.2 Catalyst Deactivation 143 Questions 144 Bibliography 145 Chapter
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: New York : American Institute of Chemical Engineers
• Publication Date: 2016
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 660.2995; Catalysis; Catalysts -- Industrial applications
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119101673
• Related ISBNs: 9781119089155
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