Handbook on concentrator photovoltaic technology. (2016)

• Record Type: Book
• Other Titles: Concentrator photovoltaic technology
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Carlos Algora, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain, Ignacio Rey-Stolle, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
• Editors: Algora, Carlos; Rey-Stolle, Ignacio
• Contents: List of Contributors xix Preface xxiii 1 Direct Normal Radiation 1 ; Daryl R. . Myers 1.1 Concepts and Definitions 1 1.1.1 Orbital and Geometrical Considerations 1 1.1.2 The Solar Constant 2 1.1.3 Temporal Variations in Extraterrestrial Radiation (ETR) 3 1.1.4 Extraterrestrial Radiation Spectral Power Distribution 4 1.1.5 The Atmospheric Filter 6 1.2 Measuring Broadband Direct Solar Radiation 8 1.2.1 Pyrheliometers 8 1.2.2 Rotating Shadow Band Radiometers 11 1.2.3 Reference Standards, . the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) 13 1.2.4 Calibration of Pyrheliometers 16 1.2.5 Accuracy and Uncertainty 17 1.2.6 Summary of Guide to Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) Approach 18 1.2.7 Measurement Data Quality 20 1.3 Modeling Broadband Direct Solar Radiation 21 1.3.1 Models for Direct Beam Irradiance 21 1.3.2 Atmospheric Component Transmittance 22 1.3.3 Estimating Direct Beam Radiation from Hemispherical Data 25 1.4 Modeling Spectral Distributions 26 1.4.1 Bird Simple Spectral Model (SPCTRL2) 27 1.4.2 Simple Model for Atmospheric Transmission of Sunshine (SMARTS) 28 1.4.3 Spectral Distributions from Broadband Data 28 1.5 Resources for Broadband Estimates of CPV Performance 29 1.5.1 Broadband Direct Beam Radiation Data Resources 29 1.5.2 Typical Meteorological Year Data for CPV Performance Estimates 31 1.5.3 CPV Spectral Performance Issues 33 1.6 Sunshape 33 . 1.6.1 The Solar Disk 33 1.6.2 Circumsolar Radiation 36 1.6.3 Recent Circumsolar Radiation Research 39 1.7 Direct Solar Radiation Climates 40 1.7.1 Measurement Networks and Data 41 1.7.2 Concentrating Solar Power Site Selection 41 1.7.3 Concentrating Solar Power Resource Map Examples 43 1.7.4 Solar Resource Maps and Data Internet Resources 47 1.8 Consensus Standards for Direct Solar Radiation Applications 48 1.8.1 World Radiometric Reference 48 1.8.2 Solar Radiometric Instrumentation Calibration 48 1.8.3 Spectral Calibration Standards 49 1.8.4 Standard and Reference Spectral Distributions 49 Glossary 50 List of Acronyms 50 List of Symbols 51 References 53 2 Concentrator Multijunction Solar Cells 59 ; Ignacio Rey-Stolle, Jerry M. . Olson, and Carlos Algora 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Fundamentals 60 2.2.1 Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Cells 60 2.2.2 Fundamentals of Multijunction Solar Cells 63 2.3 Multijunction Solar Cell Structures 67 2.3.1 Historical Development of Multijunction PV Converters 68 2.3.2 Designing Multijunction Solar Cell Structures 73 2.4 Multijunction Solar Cell Modeling 79 2.4.1 Numerical Modeling of Multijunction Solar Cell Structures 79 2.4.2 Analytical Modeling of Multijunction Solar Cells 81 2.4.3 Further Steps: Distributed Circuit-based Modeling 98 2.5 Concentrator Requirements 103 2.5.1 High Efficiency 103 2.5.2 Series Resistance. . Grid Designs 107 2.5.3 Tunnel Junctions 110 2.5.4 Distributed Effects 113 2.5.5 Atmospheric Spectral Variations and Impact on Energy Yield 116 2.5.6 Temperature Effects 118 2.6 Description of Different Cell Approaches 118 2.6.1 Lattice-matched GaInP/GaAs/Ge 118 2.6.2 Metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 119 2.6.3 Inverted Metamorphic GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs 120 2.6.4 Double Sided Epi 122 2.6.5 Lattice Matched GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs 122 2.6.6 Quantum Dot and Quantum Well Multijunction Solar Cells 123 2.6.7 More Junctions (4, 5, . 6) 123 2.6.8 Stacked Multijunction Cells 124 2.6.9 III-Vs on Silicon 124 2.6.10 Epitaxial Liftoff 126 Acknowledgements 127 Glossary 127 List of Acronyms 127 List of Symbols 127 References 129 3 Emerging High Efficiency Concepts for Concentrator Solar Cells 137 ; Ignacio Tobías and Antonio Luque 3.1 Introduction 137 3.2 Thermodynamic Efficiency Limits 138 3.2.1 Disequilibria and Energy Conversion in Solar Cells 140 3.2.2 Thermodynamic Efficiencies 142 3.3 Detailed Balance Modeling of Solar Cells 143 3.3.1 Shockley–Queisser Model of a Solar Cell 144 3.3.2 The System with Infinite Monochromatic Solar Cells 146 3.4 Solar Cell Concepts Exceeding the Single Junction Shockley–Queisser Limit 148 3.4.1 Multijunction Solar Cells 148 3.4.2 Hot Carrier Solar Cells 149 3.4.3 Carrier Multiplication or Multi-Exciton Generation Solar Cells . 152 3.4.4 Intermediate Band Solar Cells 155 3.5 Other Concepts 159 3.5.1 Light Management for High Efficiency Photovoltaics 160 3.5.2 Spectrum Conversion 161 3.6 Nanostructures in Solar Cells 162 3.6.1 Electron States in Nanostructures 162 3.6.2 Light Absorption by Nanostructures 173 3.6.3 Relaxation, Capture and Recombination in Nanostructures 176 3.6.4 Nanostructures for Multijunction Solar Cells 177 3.6.5 Fabrication Techniques 178 Glossary 179 List of Acronyms 179 References 179 4 CPV Optics 187 ; Rubén Mohedano and Ralf Leutz 4.1 Introduction 187 4.2 Light, . Optics and Concentration 188 4.2.1 Light and Optics 189 4.2.2 Optics for Concentration Photovoltaics 190 4.3 Optical Background 192 4.3.1 Basic Concepts in Geometrical Optics 192 4.3.2 Basic Concepts in Nonimaging Optics 196 4.4 Design of the Optical Train: Calculation of Surfaces 202 4.4.1 Types of Concentrators as a Function of Concentration Level 203 4.4.2 Design Examples 204 4.4.3 Secondary Optical Elements: Design Details 210 4.5 Performance Analysis and Optimization of the Optical Train 213 4.5.1 Efficiency. . Sources of Losses 215 4.5.2 Ray Trace Modeling 220 4.6 Optics Manufacturing 224 4.6.1 Optical Materials for CPV 224 4.6.2 Tolerance Budget 226 4.6.3 Manufacturing of Primary Optical Elements 227 4.6.4 Manufacturing of Secondary Optic Elements 231 4.7 Impact of CPV Optics in a Nutshell 232 Glossary 233 List of Acronyms 233 List of Symbols 234 References 235 Annex 4-I: Étendue Calculation 239 Annex 4-II: 2D Treatment of Rotational and Linear 3D Optical Systems 241 Annex 4-III: Design of the XR Concentrator 242 5 Temperature Effects on CPV Solar Cells, Optics and Modules 245 ; Iván García, Marta Victoria, . and Ignacio Antón 5.1 Introduction 245 5.2 Effects of Temperature on CPV Solar Cells 246 5.2.1 Dependence of the Bandgap on Temperature 246 5.2.2 Dependence of the Solar Cell Parameters on Temperature 248 5.2.3 Influence of Concentration on the Sensitivity to Temperature 260 5.2.4 Experimental Measurements on Real Solar Cells 261 5.2.5 Summary of Temperature Effects in CPV Multijunction Solar Cells 264 5.3 Temperature Effects and Thermal Management in CPV Optics and Modules 266 5.3.1 Temperature Effects on CPV Optics and Modules 266 5.3.2 Thermal Coefficients of CPV Modules 270 5.3.3 Heat Extraction Strategies 274 Glossary 286 List of Acronyms 286 List of Symbols 286 References 287 6 CPV Tracking and Trackers 293 ; Ignacio Luque-Heredia, Pedro Magalhães, . and Matthew Muller 6.1 Introduction 293 6.2 Requirements and Specifications 294 6.3 Basic Taxonomy of CPV Trackers 297 6.4 Design of CPV Trackers – Structural Considerations 300 6.5 Sun.
• Publisher Details: Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : Wiley
• Publication Date: 2016
• Extent: 1 online resource, illustrations (black and white), maps (black and white)
• Subjects: 621.31244; Photovoltaic power systems -- Handbooks, manuals, etc; Solar concetrators -- Handbooks, manuals, etc
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118755648
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.