Lignin and lignans as renewable raw materials : chemistry, technology and applications /: chemistry, technology and applications. (2015)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Francisco G. Calvo-Flores, José A. Dobado, Joaquín I. Garcia and Francisco J. Martín-Martínez.
• Authors: Calvo-Flores, Francisco G; Dobado Jiménez, José A; Garcia, Joaquín I; Martín-Martínez, Francisco J
• Contents: Series Preface; ; Preface xiii; ; Acronyms xvii; ; List of Symbols xxi; ; Part One Introduction 1 ; ; 1 Background and overview 3; ; 1.1 Introduction 3; ; 1.2 Lignin: economical aspects and sustainability 4; ; 1.3 Structure of the book 5; ; References 8; ; Part Two What is lignin? 9; ; 2 Structure and physicochemical properties 11; ; 2.1 Introduction 11; ; 2.2 Monolignols, the basis of a complex architecture 12; ; 2.3 Chemical classification of lignins 15; ; 2.4 Lignin linkages 19; ; 2.5 Structural models of native lignin 22; ; 2.6 Lignin-carbohydrate complex 37; ; 2.7 Physical and chemical properties of lignins 44; ; References 48; ; 3 Detection and determination 53; ; 3.1 Introduction 53; ; 3.2 The detection of lignin (colour-forming reactions) 53; ; 3.3 Determination of lignin 59; ; 3.4 Direct methods for the determination of lignin 61; ; 3.5 Indirect methods for the determination of lignin 65; ; 3.6 Comparison of the different determination methods 72; ; References 75; ; 4 Biosynthesis of lignin 81; ; 4.1 Introduction 81; ; 4.2 The biological function of lignins 82; ; 4.3 The shikimic acid pathway 82; ; 4.4 The phenylpropanoid pathway 85; ; 4.5 The biosynthesis of lignin precursors (the monolignol specific pathway) 86; ; 4.6 The dehydrogenation of the precursors 92; ; 4.7 Peroxidases and laccases 92; ; 4.8 The radical polymerisation 95; ; 4.9 The lignin-cabohydrate connectivity 109; ; 4.10 Location of lignins (cell walls lignification) 111; ; 4.11 Lignins from hybrids 112; ; 4.12 Differences between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm lignins 115; ; References 119; ; Part Three Sources and Characterization of Lignin 127; ; 5 Isolation of lignins 129; ; 5.1 Introduction 129; ; 5.2 Methods for lignin isolation from wood and grass for laboratory purposes 130; ; 5.3 Commercial lignins 143; ; References 154; ; 6 Functional and spectroscopic characterization of lignins 161; ; 6.1 Introduction 161; ; 6.2 Elemental analysis and empirical formula 161; ; 6.3 Determination of molecular weight 163; <br />6.4 Functional group analyses 167; ; 6.5 Frequencies of functional groups and linkage types in lignins 176; ; 6.6 Characterization by spectroscopic methods 182; ; 6.7 Raman spectroscopy 186; ; References 195; ; 7 Chemical characterization and modification of lignins 207; ; 7.1 Introduction 207; ; 7.2 Characterization by chemical degradation methods 207; ; 7.3 Other chemical transformations of lignins 238; ; 7.4 Other chemical modifications of lignins 247; ; 7.5 Thermolysis (pyrolysis) 249; ; 7.6 Biochemical transformations of lignins 250; ; References 252; ; Part Four Lignins Applications 267; ; 8 Applications of modified and unmodified lignins 269; ; 8.1 Introduction 269; ; 8.2 Lignin as fuel 272; ; 8.3 Lignin as a binder 273; ; 8.4 Lignin as chelant agent 275; ; 8.5 Lignin in biosciences and medicine 276; <br />8.6 Lignin in agriculture 278; ; 8.7 Polymers with unmodified lignin 279; ; 8.8 Other applications of unmodified lignins 288; ; 8.9 New polymeric materials derived from modified lignins and related biomass derivatives 294; ; 8.10 Polymers derived from chemicals obtainable from lignin decomposition 304; ; 8.11 Other applications of modified lignins 305; ; References 308; ; 9 High-value chemical products 313; ; 9.1 Introduction 313; ; 9.2 Gasification: syngas from lignin 315; ; 9.3 Thermolysis of lignin 316; ; 9.4 Hydrodeoxygenation (hydrogenolysis) 317; ; 9.5 Hydrothermal hydrolysis 319; ; 9.6 Chemical depolymerisation 321; ; 9.7 Oxidative transformation of lignin 324; ; 9.8 High-value chemicals from lignin 328; ; References 335; ; Part Five Lignans 339; ; 10 Structure and chemical properties of lignans 341; <br /> 10.1 Introduction 341; ; 10.2 Structure and classification of lignans 341; ; 10.3 Nomenclature of lignans 346; ; 10.4 Lignan occurrence in plants 349; ; 10.5 Methods of isolation of lignans from plants 354; ; 10.6 Structure determination of lignans 356; ; 10.7 The chemical synthesis of lignans 357; ; References 387; ; 11 Biological properties of lignans 401; ; 11.1 Introduction 401; ; 11.2 Biosynthesis of lignans 402; ; 11.3 Metabolism of lignans 413; ; 11.4 Plant physiology and plant defence 418; ; 11.5 Podophyllotoxin 422; ; 11.6 Biological activity of different lignan structures 435; ; References 466; ; Part Six Outcome and Challenges 491; ; 12 Summary, conclusions, and perspectives on lignin chemistry 493; ; 12.1 Sources of lignin 493; ; 12.2 On the structure of lignin 494; ; 12.3 Biosynthesis and biological function 495; ; 12.4 Applications of lignin 495; ; 12.5 Lignans 497; ; 12.6 Perspectives 498; ; References 499; ; General index 500; ; Author index 501
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2015
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 572.56682; Lignin; Lignans; Botanical chemistry
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118683514; 9781118682951; 9781118683361
• Related ISBNs: 9781118597866
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.; Note: Description based on CIP data; item not viewed.
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