Gangs in America's Communities. ([2016])

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: James C. Howell, Elizabeth Griffiths.
• Authors: Howell, James C; Griffiths, Elizabeth A
• Contents: Chapter 1: History of Gangs in the United States; Introduction; The Influence of Population Migration Patterns on Gang Emergence; Street Gang Emergence in the Northeast Region; First Period of New York City Gang Growth; Second Period of New York City Gang Growth; Third Period of New York City Gang Growth; Modern-Day Eastern Gangs; Street Gang Emergence in the Midwest Region; First Period of Chicago Gang Growth; Second Period of Chicago Gang Growth; Third Period of Chicago Gang Growth; Modern-Day Midwest Gangs; Street Gang Emergence in the West Region; First Period of Los Angeles Gang Growth; Second Period of Los Angeles Gang Growth; Third Period of Los Angeles Gang Growth; Modern-Day Western Gangs; Street Gang Emergence in the South Region; First Period of Southern Gang Growth; Second Period of Southern Gang Growth; Modern-Day Southern Gangs; Another Wave of Immigrant Groups; The Institutionalization of Street Gangs; Chapter 2: Myths and Realities of Youth Gangs; Introduction; Consideration of Key Myths About Gangs; Myth 1: Most Gangs Have a Formal Organization; Myth 2: Gangs of the Same Name Are Connected; Myth 3: Our Gangs Came From Somewhere Else; Myth 4: The Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and 18th Street (M-18) Gangs Are Spreading Across the United States; Myth 5: Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Are Inexorably Linked; Myth 6: A “Wanna-Be” Is a “Gonna-Be; Myth 7: Children Are Joining Gangs at Younger and Younger Ages; Myth 8: Gang Members Spend Most of Their Time Planning or Committing Crimes; Myth 9: Gangs Often Have Highly Unusual Initiation Rites; Myth 10: Most Youths Are Pressured to Join Gangs; Myth 11: Adults Recruit Many Adolescents to Join Gangs; Myth 12: Once Kids Join a Gang, They’re Pretty Much Lost for Good; Myth 13: The Gang’s Here for Good; Myth 14: Gang Members Are a New Wave of Super Predators; Myth 15: Gangs Were Actively Involved in the Crack Cocaine Epidemic; Myth 16: Zero Tolerance of Gang Behaviors Will Eliminate Gangs From Schools; Myth 17: Sole Reliance on Law Enforcement Will Wipe Out Gangs; Myth 18: Nothing Works With Gangs; Chapter 3: Defining Gangs and Gang Members; Introduction; Defining Gangs; Typologies of Gang Members and Gang Structures; A Spectrum of Gangs and Other Groups; Gang Subculture; Key Elements of a Gang Definition; A Recommended Gang Definition for Practical Purposes; Defining Gang Members; National Data on Gang Members; National Data on the Number of Gangs and Associated Members; Age of Gang Members; Race and Ethnicity of Gang Members; Gender; Chapter 4: General Macro-Level Theories and Modern-Day Applications; Introduction; The Chicago School and Development of the Social Disorganization Perspective; Thrasher’s Contributions to Social Disorganization Theory; Application of Social Disorganization Theory to Gangs; Modern-Day Application of Social Disorganization Theory to Gangs; Other Pioneering Gang Theorizing; An Explanation of Gang Origins, Expansion, and Violence; Macro-level Theories; Underclass Theory; Routine Activities (Opportunity) Theory; Conflict Theory; Chapter 5: Gang Involvement as a Developmental Trajectory; Introduction; Developmental Theories; Developmental Delinquency Pathways; Location of Gang Membership in Developmental Pathways; A Developmental Model of Gang Involvement; Perceived Benefits of Joining a Gang: Gang Attractions; Relationship of Risk Factors to Gang Involvement; A Delinquency and Gang Theory; A Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Gang Involvement; The Preschool Stage; The School Entry Stage; The Later Childhood Stage; The Early Adolescence Stage; Protective Factors; Apex of Gang Member Criminal Activity; Long-term Impact of Gangs on Participant; Desistance from Gang Membership; Chapter 6: Girls and Gangs; Introduction; Females in Early Gang Studies; Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members; Level of Female Gang Involvement and Seriousness of Crimes; The Question of Increasing Female Gang Involvement; The Importance of Gang Gender Composition; Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Re-victimization; Risk Factors for Girls’ Gang Joining; Girls’ Unique Treatment Needs and Implications for Prevention and Treatment; Recommended Female-Specific Services; Recommended Gender-Neutral Services; Chapter 7: National Gang Problem Trends: 1996 to 2009; Introduction; An Overview of Nationwide Gang Activity in the Modern Era; Gang Growth From the 1960s to the 1990s; Explanations of Gang Growth in the 1980s and 1990s; Nationally Reported Youth Gang Activity From the Mid-1990s; Patterns in U.S. Localities’ Histories of Gang Activity; Patterns of Gang Emergence; Presence of Gang Activity, 1996 – 2009; Patterns of Gang Presence in Larger Cities; Political & Criminal Justice Context; Economic Context; Demographic Context; Cultural Context; Modal Cities; Chronic Gang City: Modesto, California; Emerging Gang City: Warwick, Rhode Island; Contracting Gang City: Newport Beach, California; Variable Gang City: Asheville, North Carolina; Regional Variations in Gang Presence; Explaining the Emergence, Persistence, and Decline of Gang Activity; Factors affecting the Emergence of Gangs in New Cities; Factors affecting the Persistence of Gang Activity in Cities; Factors affecting the Decline of Gang Activity in Cities; Chapter 8: Urban Gangs and Violence; Introduction; The Intensity of Gangs in Cities; Patterns and Trends in the Number of Active Gangs in Cities; Patterns and Trends in the Number of Gang Members in Cities; Serious Gang Problem Trends; Gang-Related Homicides and Serious Gang Activity; Regional Variation in Gang-Related Homicide Trends; A Snapshot of Gang Homicide in the Largest Cities; Case Studies of Gang Problems in Large Cities; Contextual Characteristics That Contribute to Serious Gang Problems; City Characteristics; Availability of Crime Facilitators; Drug-Related Factors; Features of Gangs That Contribute to Serious Gang Problems; Number of Gangs<br /> Number of Gang Members; Gang Structure & Conflicts; Prison Gangs; Transnational Gangs as a Version of Street Gangs; Violent Hot Spots and Gang Set Space; Group Process; Code of the Street; Chapter 9: What Works: Gang Prevention; Introduction; Gang Intervention: Risk-Focused, Data-Driven, and Research-Based Gang Prevention; Community Assessments; Starter Gangs; Bullying; A Framework for Prevention and Early Intervention; Strategies for Delinquency and Gang Intervention and Prevention; Building a Continuum of Effective Delinquency Prevention and Early Intervention Programs; Child Exposure to Violence and Community Safety; Chapter 10: What Works In A Comprehensive Gang Program Approach; Introduction; The Comprehensive, Communitywide Gang Program Model; Comprehensive Gang Program Model Administrative Structure; Implementing the Comprehensive Gang Program Model; Evidence-Based Gang Programs; Evidence-Based Gang Prevention Programs; Evidence-Based Gang Intervention Programs; Gang Suppression; The Evidence-Based Comprehensive Gang Program Model; The Six-Site Comprehensive Gang Program Model Evaluation; Compatibility of the Comprehensive Gang Program Model and Operation Ceasefire; On the Horizon;
• Edition: Second Edition
• Publisher Details: Los Angeles : SAGE
• Publication Date: 2016
• Extent: 1 online resource (xvii, 323 pages)
• Subjects: 364.1060973; Gangs -- United States; Youth and violence -- United States
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781483379715
• Related ISBNs: 148337971X; 9781483379722
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.