Fundamentals of gas shale reservoirs. (2015)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Reza Rezaee.
• Authors: Rezaee, Reza
• Contents: Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Gas Shale: Global Significance Distribution and Challenges 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Shale Gas Overview 1 1.2.1 Shale Gas Geology 2 1.2.2 Characteristics of a Producing Shale Gas Play 3 1.3 The Significance of Shale Gas 4 1.4 Global Shale Gas Resources 5 1.4.1 Sources of Information 5 1.4.2 Resource Estimation Methodologies 5 1.5 Global Resource Data 7 1.5.1 China 7 1.5.2 The United States 7 1.5.3 Mexico 7 1.5.4 Southern South America 7 1.5.5 South Africa 8 1.5.6 Australia 8 1.5.7 Canada 8 1.5.8 North Africa 8 1.5.9 Poland 9 1.5.10 France 9 1.5.11 Russia 9 1.5.12 Scandinavia 9 1.5.13 Middle East 9 1.5.14 India 9 1.5.15 Pakistan 10 1.5.16 Northwest Africa 10 1.5.17 Eastern Europe (Outside of Poland) 10 1.5.18 Germany and Surrounding Nations 10 1.5.19 The United Kingdom 10 1.5.20 Northern South America 11 1.5.21 Turkey 11 1.6 Data Assessment 11 1.6.1 Distribution 11 1.6.2 Basin Type 11 1.6.3 Depositional Environment 12 1.6.4 TOC Content 12 1.6.5 Clay Content 13 1.7 Industry Challenges 13 1.7.1 Environmental Challenges 13 1.7.2 Commercial/Economic 14 1.8 Discussion 14 1.9 Conclusions 15 Appendix A.1 Global Shale Gas Resource Data 16 2 Organic Matter?]Rich Shale Depositional Environments 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Processes Behind the Deposition of Organic Matter?]Rich Shale 23 2.2.1 Processes Behind the Transport and Deposition of Mud 23 2.2.2 Production Destruction and Dilution: The Many Roads to Black Shale 23 2.3 Stratigraphic Distribution of Organic Matter?]Rich Shales 25 2.4 Geographic Distribution of Organic Matter?]Rich Shales 27 2.4.1 Background 27 2.4.2 Controls on the Geographic Distribution of Black Shales 30 2.5 Organic Matter?]Rich Shale Depositional Environments 34 2.5.1 Continental Depositional Environments 34 2.5.2 Paralic Depositional Environments 36 2.5.3 Shallow Marine Depositional Environments 37 2.5.4 Deep Marine Depositional Environments 38 2.6 Conclusion 39 3 Geochemical Assessment of Unconventional Shale Gas Resource Systems 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Objective and Background 49 3.3 Kerogen Quantity and Quality 49 3.4 Sample Type and Quality 51 3.5 Kerogen Type and Compositional Yields 52 3.6 Thermal Maturity 54 3.7 Organoporosity Development 55 3.8 Gas Contents 57 3.9 Expulsion–Retention of Petroleum 57 3.10 Secondary (Petroleum) Cracking 58 3.11 Upper Maturity Limit for Shale Gas 58 3.12 Gas Composition and Carbon Isotopes 59 3.13 Additional Geochemical Analyses for Shale Gas Resource System Evaluation 61 3.14 Oil and Condensate with Shale Gas 63 3.15 Major Shale Gas Resource Systems 64 3.16 Conclusions 65 4 Sequence Stratigraphy of Unconventional Resource Shales 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 General Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Unconventional Resource Shales 71 4.3 Ages of Sea?]Level Cycles 72 4.4 Water Depth of Mud Transport and Deposition 73 4.5 Criteria to Identify Sequences and Systems Tracts 74 4.6 Paleozoic Resource Shale Examples 74 4.6.1 Barnett Shale (Devonian) 74 4.6.2 Woodford Shale (Late Devonian–Early Mississippian) 74 4.6.3 Marcellus Shale (Devonian) 78 4.6.4 New Albany Shale (Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian) 78 4.7 Mesozoic Resource Shale Examples 80 4.7.1 Montney Formation (Early Triassic) 80 4.7.2 Haynesville/Bossier Shales (Late Jurassic) 80 4.7.3 Eagle Ford Formation (Cretaceous) 80 4.7.4 LaLuna Formation (Upper Cretaceous) 82 4.8 Cenozoic Resource Shale Example 83 4.9 Conclusions 84 4.10 Applications 84 5 Pore Geometry in Gas Shale Reservoirs 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.1.1 Gas Shales and Their Challenges 89 5.1.2 Pore Size Classification 90 5.2 Samples Characteristics 90 5.2.1 Sample Collection 90 5.2.2 Mineral Composition 90 5.3 Experimental Methodology 91 5.3.1 Capillary Pressure Profile 91 5.3.2 Nitrogen Adsorption (N2) 92 5.3.3 Low?]Field NMR 92 5.3.4 Image Acquisition and Analysis 93 5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental PSD Methods 95 5.5 Permeability Measurement 95 5.6 Results 96 5.6.1 Pore Size Distribution from MICP Experiments 96 5.6.2 Pore Size Distribution from Nitrogen Adsorption Experiments 98 5.6.3 NMR T2 Relaxation Time 98 5.6.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 100 5.6.5 Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy 100 5.6.6 Capillary Pressure and Permeability 102 5.7 Discussion 103 5.7.1 Porosity and PSD Comparisons 103 5.7.2 Interchanging MICP with NMR Data 103 5.7.3 Pore?]Body to Pore?]Throat Size Ratio: Pore Geometry Complexity 107 5.7.4 Pore Throat Size and Permeability 107 5.7.5 Mineralogy 108 5.8 Conclusions 112 Appendix 5.A XRD Results 114 6 Petrophysical Evaluation of Gas Shale Reservoirs 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Key Properties for Gas Shale Evaluation 117 6.2.1 Pore System Characteristics 117 6.2.2 Organic Matter Characteristics 118 6.2.3 Permeability 118 6.2.4 Gas Storage Capacity 119 6.2.5 Shale Composition 120 6.2.6 Geomechanical Properties 120 6.3 Petrophysical Measurements of Gas Shale Reservoirs 121 6.3.1 Pore Structure Evaluation Techniques 121 6.3.2 Fluid Saturation Measurement 122 6.3.3 Permeability Measurement 123 6.3.4 Adsorbed Gas Measurement 124 6.4 Well Log Analysis of Gas Shale Reservoirs 125 6.4.1 Well Log Signatures of Gas Shale Formations 125 6.4.2 Well Log Interpretation of Gas Shale Formations 128 7 Pore Pressure Prediction for Shale Formations Using well Log Data 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.1.1 Normal Pressure 139 7.1.2 Overpressure 139 7.2 Overpressure-Generating Mechanisms 140 7.2.1 Loading Mechanisms 141 7.2.2 Unloading Mechanisms (Fluid Expansion) 142 7.2.3 World Examples of Overpressures 143 7.2.4 Overpressure Indicators from Drilling Data 144 7.2.5 Identification of Shale Intervals 144 7.3 Overpressure Estimation Methods 146 7.3.1 Overview of the Compaction Theory 146 7.3.2 Eaton’s Method 147 7.3.3 Effective Stress Method 149 7.3.4 Bowers’s Method 150 7.4 The Role of Tectonic Activities on Pore Pressure In Shales 151 7.4.1 Geology of the Study Area 151 7.4.2 Stress Field in the Perth Basin 152 7.4.3 Pore Pressure in Tectonically Active Regions (Uplifted Areas) 154 7.4.4 Pore Pressure in Tectonically Stable Regions 154 7.4.5 Origins of Overpressure in Kockatea Shale 156 7.5 Discussion 160 7.5.1 Significance of Pore Pressure Study 163 7.5.2 Overpressure Detection and Estimation 163 7.5.3 Pore Pressure and Compressional Tectonics 163 7.5.4 Overpressure-Generating Mechanisms 164 7.5.5 Overpressure Results Verifications 164 7.6 Conclusions 165 8 Geomechanics of Gas Shales 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Mechanical Properties of Gas Shale Reservoirs 170 <p&
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons
• Publication Date: 2015
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 622.3385; Shale gas reservoirs
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119039266
• Related ISBNs: 9781119039204
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.