Exposure assessment and safety considerations for working with engineered nanoparticles. (2015)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Michael J. Ellenbecker, Candace Su-Jung Tsai.
• Authors: Ellenbecker, Michael J; Tsai, Su-Jung
• Contents: Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why A Book on Nanotechnology Health and Safety? 1 1.2 Some Scenarios 3 1.3 Organization of the Material 5 1.4 Our Approach to Nanoparticle Health and Safety 5 References 7 2 What is a Nanoparticle? 8 2.1 Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials, and Nanoparticles 9 2.1.1 Nanotechnology 9 2.1.2 Nanomaterial 9 2.1.3 Nanoparticle 9 2.2 Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles 10 2.3 Industrial Nanoparticles 12 2.4 Engineered Nanoparticles 14 2.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes 15 2.4.2 Fullerenes 17 2.4.3 Quantum Dots 17 2.5 Emerging Uses for Engineered Nanoparticles 19 2.6 Other Useful Definitions 20 2.6.1 Aerosol 20 2.6.2 Particle Inertia 21 2.6.3 Brownian Motion 22 2.6.4 Particle Diameter 23 2.6.5 Agglomerate versus Aggregate 24 2.7 Summary 25 References 26 3 Why are we Concerned? The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles 28 3.1 Surface?]to?]Volume Ratio 28 3.2 Particle Size 30 3.3 Particle Concentration 32 3.4 Dose Metrics: Particle Number, Surface Area, Morphology, and Surface Properties 33 3.5 Implications for the Occupational and Environmental Health Impacts of Nanoparticles 33 3.5.1 Respiratory Deposition 33 3.5.2 Skin Penetration 34 3.6 Implications for Physical Risks 35 3.6.1 Introduction 35 3.6.2 Current Status 35 3.6.3 Conclusions 36 3.7 Summary 37 References 37 4 Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure through Inhalation 40 4.2.1 Human Respiratory System 40 4.2.2 Particle Deposition in the Respiratory System 43 4.3 Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure Through Dermal Contact 46 4.4 Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure Through Ingestion 48 4.5 T ranslocation of Nanoparticles from the Lung 48 4.6 Summary 49 References 49 5 Current Knowledge on the Toxicity of Nanoparticles 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 The Toxicity of Industrial Nanoparticles 52 5.3 Nanoparticle Toxicity: General Concepts 53 5.3.1 Routes of Exposure 53 5.3.2 In Vivo and In Vitro Testing 53 5.4 Carbon Nanotubes 54 5.5 Fullerenes 56 5.6 Quantum Dots 58 5.7 Metal?]Based Nanoparticles 58 5.8 Summary 59 References 60 6 Sources of Exposure 63 6.1 Overview of Occupational Exposures 63 6.2 Occupational Exposures in Research Facilities 64 6.3 Occupational Exposures in Manufacturing Facilities 65 6.4 Exposure Potential for ENPs in Different Physical States 66 6.4.1 Dry Powders 66 6.4.2 Liquid Suspensions 69 6.4.3 ENPs Bound to a Solid 72 6.5 Environmental Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 73 6.5.1 Environmental Releases 73 6.5.2 Exposures Through a Product’s Life Cycle 74 References 76 7 Evaluation of Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 79 7.1 Current Knowledge Concerning Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles 79 7.2 Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles by Inhalation 81 7.2.1 Mass Sampling 81 7.2.2 Surface Area Measurement 83 7.2.3 Number Concentration Measurement 84 7.2.4 Conversion between Number, Surface Area, and Mass Concentrations 98 7.2.5 Particle Characterization 99 7.3 Dermal Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 102 7.4 Evaluation of Exposures in Aquatic Environments 104 7.4.1 Introduction 104 7.4.2 Sample Collection 104 7.4.3 Measurement Methods 105 7.4.4 Exposure Characterization in Aquatic Environments 107 References 108 8 Exposure Characterization 112 8.1 Exposure Characterization Steps 113 8.1.1 Standard Occupational Hygiene Models 113 8.1.2 Exposure Characterization for Nanomaterials 113 8.2 Exposure Measurement Strategies 120 8.2.1 Single?]Location Measurement 120 8.2.2 Multiple?]Location Measurement 120 8.2.3 Near?]Field and Far?]Field Measurement 121 8.2.4 Dynamic Personal Sampling Measurement 122 8.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation 123 8.4 Statistical Analysis of Data 124 8.4.1 Pearson Correlation 124 8.4.2 T?]test 125 8.5 Practical Aspects of Aerosol Sampling and Microscopy Techniques 127 8.5.1 Aerosol Sampling Techniques 127 8.5.2 Microscopy Techniques 128 8.6 Practical Applications and Limitations 128 8.6.1 Particle Losses 128 8.6.2 Concentration Measurement versus Particle Samples 130 8.7 Typical Production Processes 130 8.7.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 130 8.7.2 Composite Manufacture 131 8.8 Case Study: Manual Handling of Nanoparticles 133 8.8.1 Materials and Conditions 134 8.8.2 Particle Handling 134 8.8.3 Measurements 134 8.8.4 Aerosol Particle Characterization 136 8.8.5 Results 137 8.8.6 Discussion 144 8.8.7 The Challenge and Brainstorming 145 8.8.8 Study Questions 145 8.9 Case Study: Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 146 8.9.1 Materials and Synthesis 146 8.9.2 Measurement 147 8.9.3 Results 148 8.9.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming 155 8.9.5 Study Questions 156 8.10 Case Study: Exposure From Twin Screw Extrusion Compounding 156 8.10.1 Materials and Production Process 157 8.10.2 Measurements 158 8.10.3 Results 158 8.10.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming 162 8.10.5 Study Questions 163 References 164 9 Control of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles 166 9.1 Control of Airborne Exposures 166 9.1.1 General 166 9.1.2 Laboratory Fume Hoods 169 9.1.3 Alternatives to Conventional Fume Hoods 178 9.2 Control of Dermal Exposures 181 9.2.1 General 181 9.2.2 Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment 181 9.3 Administrative Controls and Good Work Practices 182 9.3.1 Housekeeping 183 9.3.2 Work Practices 183 9.3.3 Worker Training 183 9.4 Respiratory Protection 185 9.4.1 General Considerations 185 9.4.2 Respirator Designs 186 9.5 Case Study: Comparison of the Performance of Various Fume Hoods 195 9.5.1 Materials and Hoods 195 9.5.2 Measurements 198 9.5.3 Results 198 9.5.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming 206 9.5.5 Study Questions 206 9.6 Case Study: Performance of Nontraditional Fume Hoods 206 9.6.1 Materials and Hoods 207 9.6.2 Measurements 207 9.6.3 Results 207 9.6.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming 214 9.6.5 Study Questions 215 References 215 10 Control of Environmental Exposures 219 10.1 Control of Air Emissions 219 10.1.1 Factors Affecting Air Cleaner Performance 220 10.1.2 Categories of Air Cleaning Devices 220 10.2 Control of Water Emissions 228 10.3 Nanoparticles in Solid Waste 232 10.4 Control of Exposures Throughout a Product’s Life Cycle 233 10.5 Uncertainties and Needed Research 234 10.6 Case Study—Filtration Control 234 10.6.1 Materials and Process 235 10.6.2 The Challenge and Brainstorming 246 10.6.3 Study Questions 246 References 247 11 The Regulatory Environment for Engineered Nanomaterials 249 11.1 Occupati
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons
• Publication Date: 2015
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 363.179; Nanotechnology -- Safety measures; Nanostructured materials industry -- Employees -- Health and hygiene; Nanotechnology -- Health aspects; Nanoparticles -- Toxicology; Industrial hygiene
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118998663
• Related ISBNs: 9781118998717
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.